Effect of Water-Induced and Physical Aging on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Elastomeric Polyurethane

Abstract

In this study, the effect of moisture on the elastic and failure properties of elastomeric polyurethane (EPU 40) 3D printed via Vat Photopolymerization was investigated. EPU 40 samples were printed, and uniaxial tensile tests were performed on Dry-fresh, Dry-aged (eight months aged), and after various times of being immersed in water (0–8 months). Elastic response, initial stiffness, failure strength, and failure elongation were analyzed. Besides, gravimetric analysis was performed to determine the increase in weight and thickness after water immersion. The elastic response was fitted by the Arruda-Boyce constitutive model. Results show that initial stiffness decreased after immersion (mean 6.8 MPa dry vs. 6.3 MPa immersed p-value 0.002). Contrary, the initial stiffness increased due to physical aging under a dry state from a mean 6.3 MPa to 6.9 MPa (p = 0.006). The same effect was observed for stiffness parameter G of the constitutive model, while the limit stretch parameter λL was not affected by either aging. The 95% confidence intervals for strength and failure stretch were 5.27–9.48 MPa and 2.18–2.86, respectively, and were not affected either by immersion time or by physical aging. The median diffusion coefficient was 3.8·10−12 m^2/s. The immersion time has a significant effect only on stiffness, while oxidative aging has an inverse effect on the mechanical properties compared to water immersion. The transition process is completed within 24 h after immersion.

An Insight into the Characteristics of 3D Printed Polymer Materials for Orthoses Applications: Experimental Study

“…Polymers used in knee orthoses can degrade over time due to water absorption [81][82][83]. This is because water absorption results in a reduction in a polymer's mechanical properties, including strength, rigidity, durability, etc.…”