Effect of Waterborne Potassium Permanganate Exposure on Manganese Content in Liver and Axial Muscle of Channel Catfish

Griffin, Billy R.; Gollon, Jan L.; Hobbs, Melissa S.; Kadlubar, Fred F.; Brand, C. Dan

doi:10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0305:eowppe>2.0.co;2

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The lethal effect of exposure to KMnO, appears to be unrelated to metallic manganese toxicity. It has been previously shown that there is no significant uptake of manganese in muscle and liver (Griffin et al 1999) as a result of chronic exposure to KMnO,; observations confirmed for short term acute exposure by the results of this study. The absence of a significant increase in concentrations of manganese in liver tissue and in plasma suggests that the manganese detected in homogenized gill preparations is associated with the surface of gill structures and is not internalized.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The 1 X KMnO, dosage is near the maximum concentration that can be tolerated, without mortality, on a continuous basis by channel catfish in the water available at this laboratory (Griffin et al 1999). This concentration most closely matches the concentration that would constitute a therapeutic treatment for fish in the water available for this study (Tucker and Robinson 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Fin clipping of replacements was done to avoid selecting replacement fish when sampling later in the study and to avoid including replacement fish in mortality counts. Water samples were collected at each sampling period during exposure for total manganese analysis (Griffin et al 1999). Water samples were also removed to measure residual permanganate by the Engstrom-Heg (197 1) method.…”

Section: Experimental Procedures and Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Digested samples were assayed for manganese content with a Thermo Jarrell Ash (Model Scan 4) graphite furnace atomic absorption spec- trophotometer (GFAAS). Liver tissue was analyzed for manganese content as previously described (Griffin et al 1999). Muscle of spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias (National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa) with and without added elemental manganese was the certified reference material used for methods validation.…”

Section: Tissue and Plasma Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Exposure to Potassium Permanganate on Stress Indicators in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Griffin

Davis

Darwish

et al. 2002

J World Aquaculture Soc

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Juvenile channel catfish Ictulurus punctatus were exposed to 1× (0.44 mg/L), 3× (1.32 mg/L), or 5× (2.19 mg/L) the recommended therapeutic concentrations of waterborne potassium permanganate (KMnO4) for 36 h to determine the toxicity of the chemical. The fish were observed for 14 d after exposure. Gill, liver, and blood samples were collected before exposure, at 12, 24, and 36 h of exposure, and at 48‐h intervals for 14 d thereafter. Analysis of homogenized gill tissue showed a transient increase in manganese content that quickly disappeared once exposure was discontinued. Fish exposed to the 3× and 5× concentrations of KMnO4 experienced 9 and 50.6% mortality, respectively. Plasma cortisol was elevated more than ten‐fold at the 5× concentration. Both plasma chloride and osmolality were significantly reduced at the 3× and 5× concentrations but were unchanged at the 1×. Packed cell volumes (PCV) of whole blood rose significantly in response to 3× and 5× concentrations of KMnO4 Mortality may have been the result of blood electrolyte depletion as indicated by increased PCVs, loss of chloride, and reduced osmolality. All stress indicators measured, except PCV at the 5× concentration, were indistinguishable from unexposed controls within 48 h after exposure was discontinued. At the l× concentration (the concentration most like that employed in a disease treatment) no changes were observed in any stress indicators measured suggesting that KMnO4 may be safely used as a disease therapeutant for channel catfish.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Experimental Procedures and Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tissue and Plasma Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Exposure to Potassium Permanganate on Stress Indicators in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Griffin

Davis

Darwish

et al. 2002

J World Aquaculture Soc

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“…Griffin et al [26] also theorized that the disruption of ion regulation would be less related to metallic manganese toxicity than to the strong oxidative effect of the permanganate ion. Griffin et al [28] reported no significant increase of manganese in liver and blood when gill‐associated manganese was highest and that in the treatments (lethal and sublethal) gill‐associated manganese levels returned to pre‐exposure levels within 48 h when exposure was discontinued. On the basis of these results, Griffin et al [26] speculated that the manganese detected in homogenized gill preparations was associated with the surface of the gill structure and not internalized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative acute toxicity of potassium permanganate to nontarget aquatic organisms

Hobbs

Grippo

Farris

et al. 2006

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is used worldwide in freshwater pond aquaculture for treatment and prevention of waterborne external parasitic, bacterial, and fungal diseases. Nevertheless, KMnO4 has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and insufficient information exists to allow evaluation of the environmental risk of KMnO4 exposures. Limited data exist concerning KMnO4 toxicity to nontarget species in systems receiving aquaculture effluent from treated ponds. The goal of this research is to generate effects data for use in developing an ecological risk assessment of KMnO4. Toxicity tests were used to compare the relative sensitivities of five standard aquatic test species to KMnO4. Acute toxicity test results using synthetic moderately hard water show static 96-h mean median lethal concentration (LC50) values +/- standard deviation (SD) of 0.058 +/- 0.006 mg/L for Ceriodaphnia dubia, 0.053 +/- 0.009 mg/L for Daphnia magna, 2.13 +/- 0.07 mg/L for Pimephales promelas, 4.74 +/- 1.05 mg/L for Hyalella azteca, and 4.43 +/- 0.79 mg/L for Chironomus tentans. Most of these values are below the recommended KMnO4 treatment rate of at least 2.0 mg/L or 2.5 times the water's potassium permanganate demand (PPD; an estimation of the available reducing agents in the exposure water), suggesting significant environmental risk. However, repeating these laboratory tests using pond water resulted in significantly reduced toxicity, with static 96-h mean LC50 values (+/-SD) of 2.39 +/- 0.36 mg/L for C. dubia, 1.98 +/- 0.12 mg/L for D. magna, 11.22 +/- 1.07 mg/L for P. promelas, 13.55 +/- 2.24 mg/L for H. azteca, and 12.30 +/- 2.83 mg/L for C. tentans. The PPD of synthetic moderately hard water was 0.329 +/- 0.114 mg/L; however, pond water PPD was 5.357 +/- 0.967 mg/L. The effective disease-treating dose based on 2.5 times the PPD would thus be 0.823 and 13.392 mg KMnO4/L, respectively, exceeding the LC50 for most of these nontarget organisms, even in pond water, immediately after treatment.

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Effects of the Oxidant Potassium Permanganate on the Expression of Gill Metallothionein mRNA and Its Relationship to Sublethal Whole Animal Endpoints in Channel Catfish

Schlenk

Colley²,

El‐Alfy³

et al. 2000

Toxicological Sciences

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Potassium permanganate is an oxidant heavily used in fish culture. The effects of this compound were examined utilizing molecular (Metallothionein) and whole animal endpoints following an 8-week exposure to nominal concentrations of 0.5 (daily) and 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L (on alternate days) of potassium permanganate (PM). In order to measure MT, a complementary DNA clone of metallothionein (MT) was cloned and sequenced from the liver of channel catfish treated with a single injection of cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg). The cDNA was obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. No significant correlation was observed with gill MT expression or sublethal endpoints indicative of toxicity (weight, length, condition index [CI], or liver somatic index [LSI). MT mRNA expression in gill was significantly reduced only after 8 weeks in the 2.0 mg/L treatment. Decreases in CI were observed in males at all time points after 4 weeks, at the 2.0 mg/L treatment concentration, with a NOEC of 1 mg/L. Reductions in LSI that were not dose dependent were also observed in both males and females throughout the 8-week study and no consistent reduction in weight gain or length was observed. These data demonstrate that minimal changes in sublethal effects occur in fish following 0.5-2.0 mg/L PM treatment after 4 weeks, but recovery from adverse effects is observed by 8 weeks, suggesting that acute (typically less than 1 week) treatment of channel catfish with PM would not significantly affect fish health.

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Effect of Waterborne Potassium Permanganate Exposure on Manganese Content in Liver and Axial Muscle of Channel Catfish

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of Exposure to Potassium Permanganate on Stress Indicators in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Effect of Exposure to Potassium Permanganate on Stress Indicators in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Comparative acute toxicity of potassium permanganate to nontarget aquatic organisms

Effects of the Oxidant Potassium Permanganate on the Expression of Gill Metallothionein mRNA and Its Relationship to Sublethal Whole Animal Endpoints in Channel Catfish

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