Effect of WBGT Index Measurement Location on Heat Stress Category Classification

Cheuvront, Samuel N.; Caruso, Elizabeth M.; Heavens, Kristen R.; Karis, Anthony J.; Santee, William R.; Troyanos, Chris; d’Hemecourt, Pierre A.

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000624

Cited by 25 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Moreover, it was found that increased WBGT was related to slower race time of all finishers. The similar direction of the effect of WBGT with the one of ambient temperature might be due to the formula that calculated WBGT, which included information on the ambient temperature [18]. Decreased performance due to weather conditions might be explained by the well-known effect of heat on the cardiovascular (e.g., elevated heart rate) and thermoregulatory systems (e.g., elevated core temperature) [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, only temperatures below and above 8 °C and whether there was precipitation or not were investigated while a detailed analysis of different influences such as average air temperature (°C), precipitations (mm), wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) (°C), wind speed (km/h), wind direction (N, S, W, E) and pressure (hPa) were missing. Compared to air temperature, WBGT has been less studied in the existed literature on the effect of environment on endurance exercise; however, its use would provide information about environmental heat stress considering aspects such shade and surface’s color [18]. Precipitation might influence race time since the occurrence of rain has been shown to moderately inversely correlated with variation in race time [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Environmental Conditions on Marathon Running Performance in Men Competing in Boston Marathon from 1897 to 2018

Nikolaidis¹,

Gangi

Chtourou

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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This study investigated the effects of weather conditions on male performance during the Boston Marathon from 1897 to 2018. A total of 383,982 observations from 244,642 different finishers were analysed using Generalized Additive Mixed Models. All runners, annual top 100 finishers and annual top ten finishers were considered. Weather conditions, on race day, were: average air temperature (°C), precipitations (mm), wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) (°C), wind speed (km/h), wind direction (N, S, W, E) and pressure (hPa). These effects were examined in multi-variable models with spline smooth terms in function of calendar year. Temperature, when increasing by 1 °C, was related to worsened performance for all groups (i.e., by 00:01:53 h:min:sec for all finishers, p < 0.001). Wind coming from the West, compared to wind coming from other directions, was the most favourable for performance of all groups of finishers. Increasing precipitations worsened performances of top 100 (estimate 00:00:04 h:min:sec, p < 0.001) and top 10 finishers (estimate 00:00:05 h:min:sec, p < 0.001). Wind speed, when increasing by 1 km/h, was related to worsened performance for all finishers (estimate 00:00:19 h:min:sec, p < 0.001), but not for top 100 group, where performances were 00:00:09 h:min:sec faster, p < 0.001. Pressure and WBGT were examined in uni-variable models: overall, performances worsened as pressure and WBGT increased. Our findings contributed to the knowledge about the effect of weather conditions on performance level in male marathon runners.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Environmental Conditions on Marathon Running Performance in Men Competing in Boston Marathon from 1897 to 2018

Nikolaidis¹,

Gangi

Chtourou

et al. 2019

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The duration interval of the race has been assumed to be: 9 a.m.− 16 p.m. for all finishers, 9 a.m. − 13 p.m. for near elite groups and annual top ten finishers and 9 a.m. − 12 p.m. for annual winners. Thus, air temperature (°C), wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) (°C) [14], wind speed (km/h) and barometric pressure (hPa) were the average of the corresponding hourly values. Wet-bulb globe temperature was calculated with www.kwangu.com/work/psychrometric.htm using the dry bulb temperature and relative humidity obtained from www.wunderground.com/ and an altitude of 43 m above sea level.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of weather conditions on running performance in the Boston Marathon from 1972 to 2018

et al. 2019

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This study examined the relationship of weather conditions, together with sex and country of origin, with running performance in the Boston Marathon from 1972 to 2018. A total of 580,990 observations from 382,209 different finishers were analyzed using Generalized Additive Mixed Models. Different groups and subgroups were considered such as all runners, near elite 101:200 finishers, near elite 21:100, annual top ten finishers and annual winners. Weather conditions, over the hours of the event, were average air temperature (°C), total precipitations (mm), wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) (°C), wind speed (km/h), wind direction (head wind, side wind, tail wind) and barometric pressure (hPa). These effects were examined in a multi-variable model, together with: sex, country of origin, calendar year, an interaction term country:sex and a spline smooth term in function of calendar year and sex. The average temperature, when increasing by 1°C, was related to worsened performance (by 00:01:47 h:min:sec for all finishers and by 00:00:20 h:min:sec for annual winners). Also, the pressure and wet-bulb globe temperature, when increasing, were related to worsened performances. Tail wind improved performances of all groups. Increasing precipitation was significantly ( p <0.05) related to worsened performances in all groups except annual winners. Increasing wind speed was also related to worsened performances in all finishers and near elite groups. Kenyans and Ethiopians were the fastest nationalities. The sex differences (men faster than women in all groups) were the largest in near elite groups. Our findings contributed to the knowledge of the performance in Boston Marathon across calendar years, considering as main effects weather conditions, country of origin and sex.

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“…Environmental monitoring coupled with activity modification is a key component of a well-designed heat policy [2,3]. Importantly, on-site measurements can better capture local microclimate conditions than remote observations from weather stations as differences in sheltering, surface type, or solar exposure can influence heat stress [4][5][6]. As such, regarding the interscholastic participant, numerous high school athletic associations now require on-site measurement of environmental conditions using the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of WBGTs over Different Surfaces within an Athletic Complex

Grundstein

Cooper

2020

Medicina

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Many athletic governing bodies are adopting on-site measurement of the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) as part of their heat safety policies. It is well known, however, that microclimatic conditions can vary over different surface types and a question is whether more than one WBGT sensor is needed to accurately capture local environmental conditions. Our study collected matched WBGT data over three commonly used athletic surfaces (grass, artificial turf, and hardcourt tennis) across an athletic complex on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens, GA. Data were collected every 10 min from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. over a four-day period during July 2019. Results indicate that there is no difference in WBGT among the three surfaces, even when considered over morning, midday, and afternoon practice periods. We did observe microclimatic differences in dry-bulb temperature and dewpoint temperature among the sites. Greater dry-bulb and lower dewpoint temperatures occurred over the tennis and artificial turf surfaces compared with the grass field because of reduced evapotranspiration and increase convective transfers of sensible heat over these surfaces. The lack of difference in WBGT among the surfaces is attributed to the counterbalancing influences of the different components that comprise the index. We conclude that, in a humid, subtropical climate over well-watered grass, there is no difference in WBGT among the three athletic surfaces and that, under these circumstances, a single monitoring site can provide representative WBGTs for nearby athletic surfaces.

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Effect of WBGT Index Measurement Location on Heat Stress Category Classification

Cited by 25 publications

References 18 publications

The Role of Environmental Conditions on Marathon Running Performance in Men Competing in Boston Marathon from 1897 to 2018

The Role of Environmental Conditions on Marathon Running Performance in Men Competing in Boston Marathon from 1897 to 2018

The role of weather conditions on running performance in the Boston Marathon from 1972 to 2018

Comparison of WBGTs over Different Surfaces within an Athletic Complex

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