Effect of Wood Dust Fibre Treatments Reinforcement on the Properties of Recycled Polypropylene Composite (r-WoPPC) Filament for Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
Abstract:The efficacy of wood dust fibre treatment on the property of wood dust reinforced recycled polypropylene composite (r-WoPPC) filament was investigated. The wood dust fibre was treated using alkali, silane, and NaOH-silane. The treated wood fibre was incorporated with r-PP using a twin-screw extruder to produce filament. The silane treatment on wood dust fibre enhances interfacial bonding between wood fibre and recycled PP; hence, a filament has the highest wire pull strength, which is 35.2% higher compared to … Show more
“…Materials 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 17 between 1.54 and 1.9 mm. The majority of the composite filaments' diameters were only slightly larger than the nominal size (1.75 mm), except the maximum values for the composite filaments made of PP/wood [54] and PP/hemp [24] were outside of tolerance.…”
Section: Dimensional Stability and Printabilitymentioning
confidence: 79%
“…Extrudate filament had a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm, and the screw speed was set to 50 r/min. Meanwhile, Han et al [41] used a twin-screw [54] also used a twin-screw extruder to produce a recycle PP/wood composite filament. The diameter of the extruded filament was between 1.5 and 1.79 mm.…”
Section: Twin-screw Extrudermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The diameter was found to be Figure 6. Barrel temperatures of natural fiber-based filaments include PLA/wood [21], ABS/rice straw [23], PP/hemp [24], PLA/sugarcane [39], ABS/kenaf [41], ABS/oil palm [51], ABS/banana [52], ABS/nutshell [53], PP/wood [54], PLA/hedysarum [55], PLA/agave [56], PLA/kenaf [57], PLA/astragalus [59], PLA/rubber [60] and PLA/bamboo [61].…”
Section: Dimensional Stability and Printabilitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is because of the poor bonding between the filler and the matrix. Furthermore, Nafis et al [54] reported that wood dust filament treated with silane had the highest wire tensile strength compared with all the other filaments. Filaments made from treated wood (silane) had a strength that was 35.4% more than that of untreated wood.…”
Section: Mechanical and Physical Propertiesmentioning
Today, additive manufacturing (AM) is the most recent technology used to produce detailed and complexly built parts for a variety of applications. The most emphasis has been given to fused deposition modeling (FDM) in the development and manufacturing fields. Natural fibers have received attention in the area of 3D printing to be employed as bio-filters with thermoplastics, which have prompted an effort for more ecologically acceptable methods of manufacturing. The development of natural fiber composite filaments for FDM requires meticulous methods and in-depth knowledge of the properties of natural fibers and their matrices. Thus, this paper reviews natural fiber-based 3D printing filaments. It covers the fabrication method and characterization of thermoplastic materials blended with natural fiber-produced wire filament. The characterization of wire filament includes the mechanical properties, dimension stability, morphological study, and surface quality. There is also a discussion of the difficulties in developing a natural fiber composite filament. Last but not least, the prospects of natural fiber-based filaments for FDM 3D printing are also discussed. It is hoped that, after reading this article, readers will have enough knowledge regarding how natural fiber composite filament for FDM is created.
“…Materials 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 17 between 1.54 and 1.9 mm. The majority of the composite filaments' diameters were only slightly larger than the nominal size (1.75 mm), except the maximum values for the composite filaments made of PP/wood [54] and PP/hemp [24] were outside of tolerance.…”
Section: Dimensional Stability and Printabilitymentioning
confidence: 79%
“…Extrudate filament had a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.05 mm, and the screw speed was set to 50 r/min. Meanwhile, Han et al [41] used a twin-screw [54] also used a twin-screw extruder to produce a recycle PP/wood composite filament. The diameter of the extruded filament was between 1.5 and 1.79 mm.…”
Section: Twin-screw Extrudermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The diameter was found to be Figure 6. Barrel temperatures of natural fiber-based filaments include PLA/wood [21], ABS/rice straw [23], PP/hemp [24], PLA/sugarcane [39], ABS/kenaf [41], ABS/oil palm [51], ABS/banana [52], ABS/nutshell [53], PP/wood [54], PLA/hedysarum [55], PLA/agave [56], PLA/kenaf [57], PLA/astragalus [59], PLA/rubber [60] and PLA/bamboo [61].…”
Section: Dimensional Stability and Printabilitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is because of the poor bonding between the filler and the matrix. Furthermore, Nafis et al [54] reported that wood dust filament treated with silane had the highest wire tensile strength compared with all the other filaments. Filaments made from treated wood (silane) had a strength that was 35.4% more than that of untreated wood.…”
Section: Mechanical and Physical Propertiesmentioning
Today, additive manufacturing (AM) is the most recent technology used to produce detailed and complexly built parts for a variety of applications. The most emphasis has been given to fused deposition modeling (FDM) in the development and manufacturing fields. Natural fibers have received attention in the area of 3D printing to be employed as bio-filters with thermoplastics, which have prompted an effort for more ecologically acceptable methods of manufacturing. The development of natural fiber composite filaments for FDM requires meticulous methods and in-depth knowledge of the properties of natural fibers and their matrices. Thus, this paper reviews natural fiber-based 3D printing filaments. It covers the fabrication method and characterization of thermoplastic materials blended with natural fiber-produced wire filament. The characterization of wire filament includes the mechanical properties, dimension stability, morphological study, and surface quality. There is also a discussion of the difficulties in developing a natural fiber composite filament. Last but not least, the prospects of natural fiber-based filaments for FDM 3D printing are also discussed. It is hoped that, after reading this article, readers will have enough knowledge regarding how natural fiber composite filament for FDM is created.
“…This implies that segmental motions in the matrix must be somehow altered, probably due to a change in the packing density of the polymer chains in the vicinity of the filler particles. 39,40 Figure 11.DSC curves of PS foam, rPS, 100 rPS/60 FF and rPS/60 FF/2 DOP/2 TiO 2 .…”
Due to the high cost of transportation and the lack of established, affordable recycling routes, the rate of recycling of previously used polystyrene foam is extremely low. In this study, a novel treatment technique will be used to examine the feasibility of using waste polystyrene foam as a raw material to produce wood plastic composite (WPC). Where, the recycled polystyrene (rPS) foam waste was first dissolved in methylene chloride and compounded directly with flax fiber (FF) and additives forming a composite paste. The composite paste was then passes through vacuum distillation process for drying the composite paste and also for solvent recovery to reuse it in a further process. The dried composite was processed through thermal mixer extruding and compression molding processes to form the final WPC. The study discovered that WPC with 60 parts per hundred parts of resins (phr) of FF and 2 phr of dioctylphthalate (DOP) may be used to create rPS/FF composite with a proper tensile strength of 19.3 MPa, flexural strength of 78 MPa and compressive strength of 173 MPa compared to another WPS,s based on PVC, HDPE and PP . In addition of that the resulted composite possesses a great potential in manufacturing WPC with environmental and economical demanding application as wooden furniture and as a wooden panels for cladding the exterior building faces.
High performance and durability are essential for goods to satisfy the needs of the expanding worldwide market. Wood plastic composites (WPCs) are materials made from a combination of wood, polymers, and additives. WPCs can be extruded, injected, compressed, or thermoformed. Presently, WPCs are manufactured using sophisticated processes including as laser sintering, fused layer modeling, and additive manufacturing. Properly managing the melt temperature and pressure is crucial in the manufacturing process of WPCs to ensure effective polymer incorporation. Natural fibers have distinct benefits for polymer composites, but they also have some serious drawbacks, like lower strength properties—especially lower impact strength than synthetic fibers—poor compatibility with hydrophobic polymers, poorer dimensional stability and moisture absorption due to hydroxly groups, a maximum processing temperature that is limited, thermal degradation above 200–220°C, and lower biological durability. The modification of the surface of the fibers improves the mentioned disadvantages of the natural fibers. High‐quality WPCs require the application of chemical or physical treatment to the wood fibers. This extensive review focused on the modification techniques applied to the surface of wood, manufacturing processes, and properties and applications of WPCs.Highlights
Modification methods used in surface treatment of natural fibers was explained.
Properties and recent applications of wood polymer composites were given.
Optimum requirements of natural fibers and polymer matrices are given.
Fabrication methods of natural fiber composites are extensively given.
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