Effect of zinc imbalance and salicylic acid co‐supply on Arabidopsis response to fungal pathogens with different lifestyles

Abstract

In higher plants, Zn nutritional imbalance can affect growth, physiology and response to stress, with effect variable depending on host-pathogen interaction. Mechanisms through which Zn operates are not yet well known. The hormone salicylic acid (SA) can affect plant ion uptake, transport and defence responses. Thus, in this study the impact of Zn imbalance and SA co-supply on severity of infection with the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B. cinerea or the biotroph G. cichoracearum was assessed in A. thaliana Col-0.• Spectrophotometric assays for pigments and malondialdehyde (MDA) content as a marker of lipid peroxidation, plant defensin 1.2 gene expression by semi-quantitative PCR, callose visualization by fluorescence microscopy and diseases evaluation by macro-and microscopic observations were carried out.• Zinc plant concentration varied with the supplied dose. In comparison with the control, Zn-deficit or Zn-excess led to reduced chlorophyll content and PDF 1.2 transcripts induction. In Zn-deficient plants, where MDA increased, also the susceptibility to B. cinerea increased, whereas MDA decreased in G. cichoracearum. Zinc excess increased susceptibility to both pathogens. Co-administration of SA positively affected MDA level, callose deposition, PDF 1.2 transcripts and plant response to the two pathogens.• The increased susceptibility to B. cinerea in both Zn-deficient and Zn-excess plants could be related to lack of induction of PDF 1.2 transcripts; oxidative stress could explain higher susceptibility to the necrotroph and lower susceptibility to the biotroph in Zn-deficient plants. This research shows that an appropriate evaluation of Zn supply according to the prevalent stress factor is desirable for plants.

Assessment of post-war groundwater quality in urban areas of Mosul city /Iraq and surrounding areas for drinking and irrigation purposes by using the Canadian Environment Water Quality Index CCME-WQI and Heavy Metal Pollution Index HPI

“…After the war, the central questions were, whether the groundwater in Mosul city was suitable for drinking and domestic use, whether was suitable for irrigation of vegetables and fruits, and whether the consumed was safe for humans, because increase in toxic substance levels and heavy metals levels in the soil severly affected the groundwater quality and thus had an impact on humans and agricultural crops (Kumar Sharma et al, 2007 ;Quaglia et al ,2022;Robins and Fergusson,2014 ) To date, the answers have mostly remained elusive, as the available studies have mainly covered periods of investigation before the war.…”

Bioinspired Cobalt Oxide Nanoball Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Potential as Metal Stress Absorbants

“…For the last few eras, the prevalence of heavy metals in soil has become a serious issue throughout the world which disturbs the physical, chemical, and biological features of soil with reduction in fertility and plant growth. , It has also been observed that a major cause of retarded plant growth is the industrial waste that chiefly contains lead, zinc, chromium, and cadmium which serve as the key elements behind elevated land pollution. , Among these metals, zinc as a loaded nutrient in the soil causes decline in the plant biomass, gaseous exchange, chlorophyll contents, and nutrient absorptive capacity, causing alteration in cellular structures. In the previous reports, it has been observed that heavy-metal stress has shown negative impacts on plants’ vital cellular components and functions such as DNA damage, deformation of plant cells, and difference in cellular redox homeostasis, phytohormone contents, biomass, and yield. − In another report, zinc has shown negative effects including phototoxicity, modulation in abiotic response and physiological parameters, reducing photosynthetic pigment concentration, and reduction in root activity of wheat and other plants. − Although plants have their own defense system against heavy-metal stress to resist the change by cellular exudates, membrane integrity, activating heat shock proteins, metallothioneins, and organic acid within certain limits. , But, in the case of accumulation of heavy metals beyond a threshold and traditional strategies such as fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, pesticides, use of dietaryfibers, and chelating agents are considered inadequate for coping with heavy-metal stress. Therefore, an exciting nanotechnological method of introducing nanomaterials has revolutionized the process of reducing metal stress to a great extent by absorbed heavy metals, reducing stress and enhancing the plant growth without any lethal effects. − Nanotechnology is an emerging technique that is recounting its role in the agricultural field .…”

“… 17 − 19 In another report, zinc has shown negative effects including phototoxicity, modulation in abiotic response and physiological parameters, reducing photosynthetic pigment concentration, and reduction in root activity of wheat and other plants. 20 − 23 Although plants have their own defense system against heavy-metal stress to resist the change by cellular exudates, membrane integrity, activating heat shock proteins, metallothioneins, and organic acid within certain limits. 24 , 25 But, in the case of accumulation of heavy metals beyond a threshold and traditional strategies such as fertilizers, fungicides, insecticides, pesticides, use of dietaryfibers, and chelating agents are considered inadequate for coping with heavy-metal stress.…”

Evaluarea impactului tratamentelor ecologice de protecție a plantelor asupra productivității fructelor de tomate

“…Pe lângă influența pozitivă a lor aspra productivității plantelor, s-a documentat şi faptul că acești bioferilizatori manifestă acţiune de protecție a plantelor contra maladiilor şi dăunătorilor (Loffredo et al, 2007;El-Ghamry et al, 2009). Recent s-a raportat că aplicarea sărurilor anorganice reprezintă instrumente fezabile în controlul maladiilor la plantele agricole în sistemul de producere convențional și organic (Quaglia et al, 2022). Un rol deosebit în acest aspect îl are microelementul zinc (Deliopoulos et al, 2010).…”