Effect on Blood Lipids of Very High Intakes of Fiber in Diets Low in Saturated Fat and Cholesterol

Jenkins, David; Wolever, Thomas M. S.; Rao, A.V.; Ra, Hegele; Mitchell, Sandra J.; Ransom, Thomas; Boctor, Dana; Spadafora, Peter J.; Jenkins, Alexandra L.; Mehling, Christine C.

doi:10.1056/nejm199307013290104

Cited by 273 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Among hyperlipidaemic adults this effect has been observed even when the diet is already very low in saturated fat and cholesterol (Jenkins et al, 1993). However, we have found no evidence that ®bre intake (NSP) has any association with blood lipid concentrations.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…Later studies looked at the relationship of fat intakes to the LDLC and HDLC fractions, and found that LDLC concentrations behaved in a similar way to total cholesterol, while the effect of fatty acid intakes on HDLC was less clear; some studies found an increase with greater polyunsaturated fat intake while others found a decrease (Grundy & Denke, 1990;Clarke et al, 1997). It has now become apparent that the intakes of a large number of foods and nutrients may be of importance, including the type of carbohydrate (Tillotson et al, 1997), ®bre (Jenkins et al, 1993;Spiller, 1996), ®sh oils (Connor & Connor, 1997), trans fatty acids, soya-based foods (Anderson et al, 1999) and fruit and vegetables (Lampe, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations between dietary intakes and blood cholesterol concentrations at 31 months

Cowin

Emmett

2001

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: The initial stages of atherosclerosis have been shown to occur in children as young as 3. Elevated total and LDL cholesterol concentrations and low HDL concentrations are a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the dietary determinants of blood lipid concentrations at 31 months of age. Subjects: A randomly selected group of children (214 boys, 175 girls) in south-west England forming part of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC) cohort. Design: Three-day dietary records were obtained at 18 months. At 31 months a non-fasting blood sample was taken and analysed for total and HDL cholesterol and triglyceride, and measures of height and weight were taken. Results: Among boys, total cholesterol concentrations were positively associated with the intake of total fat (r 0.209, P 0.002) and saturated fatty acids (r 0.211, P 0.002). Among girls, HDLC was positively associated with energy intake (r 0.204, P 0.018), and negatively associated with intakes of polyunsaturated fat, saturated fat and sugar in multivariate analysis. There were no associations between the intakes of non-starch polysaccharides (®bre) or dietary cholesterol and total or HDL cholesterol concentrations in either sex. Among boys, higher intakes of breakfast cereals were associated with lower total cholesterol (r À0.187, P 0.008). Among girls, higher intakes of biscuits and meat and meat products were associated with higher HDLC concentrations. Conclusions: These data suggest that the dietary determinants of blood lipid concentrations differ between boys and girls. Reducing saturated fat intake in boys would be likely to lead to an improvement in blood lipid pro®les. In this study there is no evidence to suggest that an increase in the intake of polyunsaturated fat by pre-school children would result in improved blood lipid pro®les.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between dietary intakes and blood cholesterol concentrations at 31 months

Cowin

Emmett

2001

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…In contrast, we observed a significant decrease in HDL‐cholesterol ( P < 0.001) postintervention, where higher levels are associated with atheroprotective properties (Rader and Hoving 2014) and others have observed a similar HDL‐cholesterol response following a high fiber intervention (Jenkins et al. 1993). To positively impact HDL‐cholesterol, researchers suggest replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat instead of decreasing overall fat intake (Muller et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of nutritional interventions to lower circulating ceramides in young adults: FRUVEDomic pilot study

et al. 2017

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The 2010 USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends a diet largely composed of fruit and vegetables. Consuming a diet high in fruit and vegetables and low in refined carbohydrates and saturated fat may reduce an individual's risk for type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, low‐grade chronic inflammation, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Several recent studies have implicated the bioactive sphingolipid ceramide as an associative and causative biomarker for the development of these conditions. Considering that the intake of fruit and vegetables is frequently inadequate in young adults, we performed a pilot investigation to assess the efficacy of a free‐living fruit and vegetable intervention on overall metabolic health, circulating ceramide supply, and inflammatory status in young adults. We discovered that adoption of the recommended DGA for fruit and vegetable intake for 8 weeks decreased waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and circulating cholesterol. Lipidomics analysis revealed that nutritional intervention can lower circulating ceramides, including C24:0 ceramide, a known inhibitor of insulin signaling. Unexpectedly, we observed an increase in C16:0 ceramide, suggesting that this form of ceramide in circulation is not associated with metabolic disease in humans. We also observed an improved inflammatory status with enhanced fruit and vegetable intake that was correlated with ceramide concentrations. These data suggest that adopting the recommended DGA is associated with a reduction of many, but not all, ceramide species and may help to prevent or mitigate MetS. Future research needs to assess whether the ceramide‐lowering ability of nutritional intervention is associated with reduced risk of developing metabolic disease.

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“…The proposed mechanisms for lipid modulation by low-GI foods compared to high GI foods may include: (1) lower insulin-stimulated HMG-CoA reductase activity (the ratelimiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis; Rodwell et al, 1976), as a result of a reduced rate of carbohydrate absorption; (2) impaired bile acid and cholesterol reabsorption from the ileum due to the typically high fibre content of low-GI foods (Kritchevsky & Story 1974;Jenkins et al, 1993); (3) inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis by the short chain fatty acid propionate, a by-product of colonic fermentation (Illman et al, 1988;Wolever et al, 1988;Wright et al, 1990); (4) reduced inflammatory response. Some evidence suggests a possible role of insulin in stimulating acute-phase proteins (O'Riordain et al, 1995;Thompson et al, 1991) which have been directly related to intra-abdominal fat and inversely related to insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Sites et al, 2002).…”

Section: The Glycemic Index In Coronary Heart Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review

et al. 2002

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Aim: The intent of this review is to critically analyze the scientific evidence on the role of the glycemic index in chronic Western disease and to discuss the utility of the glycemic index in the prevention and management of these disease states. Background: The glycemic index ranks foods based on their postprandial blood glucose response. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, as well as their determinants (eg high energy intake, obesity, lack of physical activity) have been implicated in the etiology of diabetes, coronary heart disease and cancer. Recently, among dietary factors, carbohydrates have attracted much attention as a significant culprit, however, different types of carbohydrate produce varying glycemic and insulinemic responses. Low glycemic index foods, characterized by slowly absorbed carbohydrates, have been shown in some studies to produce beneficial effects on glucose control, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, blood lipids and satiety. Method: Studies on the short and long-term metabolic effects of diets with different glycemic indices will be presented and discussed. The review will focus primarily on clinical and epidemiological data, and will briefly discuss in vitro and animal studies related to possible mechanisms by which the glycemic index may influence chronic disease.

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Effect on Blood Lipids of Very High Intakes of Fiber in Diets Low in Saturated Fat and Cholesterol

Abstract: Very high intakes of foods rich in soluble fiber lower blood cholesterol levels even when the main dietary modifiers of blood lipids--namely, saturated fat and cholesterol--are greatly reduced.

Cited by 273 publications

References 24 publications

Associations between dietary intakes and blood cholesterol concentrations at 31 months

Associations between dietary intakes and blood cholesterol concentrations at 31 months

Efficacy of nutritional interventions to lower circulating ceramides in young adults: FRUVEDomic pilot study

Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review

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