Effect Size Guidelines, Sample Size Calculations, and Statistical Power in Gerontology

Brydges, Christopher

doi:10.1093/geroni/igz036

Cited by 368 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The moderate effect size of maternal separation on defensive-exploratory behavior in rats (Hedges g = −0.33 to −0.48) is consistent with effect sizes reported for rates of anxiety disorder in humans exposed to childhood maltreatment (i.e., odds ratio of 2-3 3,4,12-14 is roughly equivalent to effect sizes of 0.38-−0.6 48 ). In addition, assuming an effect size of −0.4 in rats, a sample size of roughly 100 rats per group, is needed to ensure a power of 0.8 and α = 0.05 49 . This sample size is roughly 5-10 fold larger than the sample sizes commonly used in rodent work, suggesting that under-powered studies may contribute to the significant variance associated with behavioral outcomes in both the EPM (I 2 = 76%, Q = 274, df = 66, p < 0.001) and the OFT (I 2 = 66%, Q = 136, df = 66, p < 0.001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review and meta-analysis: effects of maternal separation on anxiety-like behavior in rodents

et al. 2020

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The mechanisms by which childhood maltreatment increases anxiety is unclear, but a propensity for increased defensive behavior in rodent models of early life stress (ELS) suggests that work in rodents may clarify important mechanistic details about this association. A key challenge in studying the effects of ELS on defensive behavior in rodents is the plethora of inconsistent results. This is particularly prominent with the maternal separation (MS) literature, one of the most commonly used ELS models in rodents. To address this issue we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, examining the effects of MS on exploratory-defensive behavior in mice and rats using the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus maze (EPM). This search yielded a total of 49 studies, 24 assessing the effect of MS on behavior in the EPM, 11 tested behavior in the OFT, and 14 studies provided data on both tasks. MS was associated with increased defensive behavior in rats (EPM: Hedge's g = −0.48, p = 0.02; OFT: Hedge's g = −0.33, p = 0.05), effect sizes that are consistent with the anxiogenic effect of early adversity reported in humans. In contrast, MS did not alter exploratory behavior in mice (EPM: Hedge's g = −0.04, p = 0.75; OFT: Hedge's g = −0.03, p = 0.8). There was a considerable amount of heterogeneity between studies likely related to the lack of standardization of the MS protocol. Together, these findings suggest important differences in the ability of MS to alter circuits that regulate defensive behaviors in mice and rats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review and meta-analysis: effects of maternal separation on anxiety-like behavior in rodents

et al. 2020

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“…There are several limitations to this review. First, at the study level, some of the studies referred to have relatively small sample sizes and are likely to be underpowered 61 . It would be useful to have more large scale studies to examine the effects of cognitive training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of commercial computerised cognitive games in older adults: a meta-analysis

Bonnechère

Langley

Sahakian

2020

Sci Rep

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Brain training programs are currently one effective solution to prevent cognitive decline in healthy aging. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing the use of commercially available computerised cognitive games to improve cognitive function in people aged above 60 years old without cognitive impairment. 1,543 participants from sixteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Statistically significant improvements were observed for processing speed (SMD increased 0.40 [95% CI 0.20–0.60], p < 0.001), working memory (0.21 [95% CI 0.08–0.34], p = 0.001), executive function (0.21 [95% CI 0.06–0.35], p = 0.006), and for verbal memory (0.12 [95% CI 0.01–0.24, p = 0.031), but not for attention or visuospatial abilities. No relationship between the age of the participants and the amount of training was found. Commercially available computerised cognitive games are effective in improving cognitive function in participants without cognitive impairment aged over 60 years.

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“…Fourth, in the present study, the effect sizes for the relationships between individual factors and health literacy were all small to medium, even though they were statistically significant. According to the guideline for effect size in gerontology 56 (such as the study that recommended using Pearson's r = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 to interpret small, medium, and large effects in gerontology), in the present study, the relationship between functional capacity and health literacy was considered to be a medium effect (β = −0.22), the relationship between openness and health literacy was considered to be a small to medium effect (β = 0.17), and the relationship between neuroticism and health literacy was considered to be small (β = −0.08). As for the reasons why the effect sizes were not large, as the present study conducted multivariate regression analysis adjusted for confounders, the significant relationships given in the statistical models were independent from the effects of other variables, and thus, the standardised regression coefficients (β) became smaller compared to the univariate correlation coefficients (r) (see also APPENDIX S1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality and health literacy among community‐dwelling older adults living in Japan

Iwasa

Yoshida

2020

Psychogeriatrics

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Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that health behaviours may be one of the major mechanisms underlying the relationship between personality and health outcomes. Such health behaviours may be established by consciousness toward one's health that include health literacy. Thus, this study aimed to explore the relationship between health literacy and its correlates, including personality, among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 683 older individuals (aged 60-84 years; 326 men and 357 women). A questionnaire was used to assess health literacy, personality, socioeconomic status, health status, and lifestyles. Health literacy was measured using the Communicative and Critical Health Literacy Scale, which is a self-report questionnaire comprising five items assessing degrees of health literacy. The Big Five personality traits were measured using the Japanese version of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. Other variables were measured as factors associated with health literacy, including age, gender, education, subjective economic status, social isolation, chronic diseases, functional capacity, smoking and drinking. Results: Multiple regression analysis showed that education (β = 0.10), subjective economic status (β = −0.09), social isolation (β = −0.08), functional dependence (β = −0.22), neuroticism, (β = −0.08), extraversion (β = 0.10), openness (β = 0.17), and conscientiousness (β = 0.09) were independently and significantly associated with health literacy (coefficient of determination = 0.28). Conclusions: This study found significant and independent associations of personality, socioeconomic status, and health status with health literacy. These results may help facilitate the development of efficient strategies to improve health status by promoting health literacy in community-dwelling older adults. heart disease) than young people, they have more opportunities to use medical care services. Therefore, there is a greater need to utilise health information through communication with medical professionals, and the use of prescriptions, compared to young people. Thus, health literacy is particularly essential for older adults, 1,2 as health literacy involves collecting information necessary for maintaining one's health (e.g., information on the

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Effect Size Guidelines, Sample Size Calculations, and Statistical Power in Gerontology

Cited by 368 publications

References 29 publications

Systematic review and meta-analysis: effects of maternal separation on anxiety-like behavior in rodents

Systematic review and meta-analysis: effects of maternal separation on anxiety-like behavior in rodents

The use of commercial computerised cognitive games in older adults: a meta-analysis

Personality and health literacy among community‐dwelling older adults living in Japan

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