Effect sizes and p values: What should be reported and what should be replicated?

Greenwald, Anthony G.; Gonzalez, Richard; Harris, Richard; Guthrie, Donald

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02121.x

Cited by 254 publications

(252 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This is unlikely to have been due to statistical power: in Experiment 3a, the effect size (Cohen's d) for the difference between acceleration and deceleration was 0.74, so that the power to detect this effect in the current experiment (even after the Bonferroni-adjusting the alpha levels to .017) was approximately 85% (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996). [This power calculation is based on the effect size observed in Experiment 3a (see e.g., Greenwald, Gonzalez, Harris, & Guthrie, 1996), although some authors have queried this approach (e.g., Miller, 2009) so caution regarding the exact power estimate may be appropriate. ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do changes in speed affect the perception of duration?

Matthews¹

2011

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Six experiments investigated how changes in stimulus speed influence subjective duration. Participants saw rotating or translating shapes in three conditions: constant speed, accelerating motion, and decelerating motion. The distance moved and average speed were the same in all three conditions. In temporal judgment tasks, the constant-speed objects seemed to last longer than the decelerating objects, which in turn seemed to last longer than the accelerating stimuli. In temporal reproduction tasks, the difference between accelerating and decelerating stimuli disappeared; furthermore, watching an accelerating shape lengthened the apparent duration of the subsequent (static) display. These results (a) suggest that temporal judgment and reproduction can dissociate for moving stimuli because the stimulus influences the apparent duration of the subsequent interval, and (b) constrain theories of time perception, including those which emphasize memory storage, those which emphasize the existence of a pacemakeraccumulator timing system, and those which emphasize the division of attention between temporal and non-temporal information processing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do changes in speed affect the perception of duration?

Matthews¹

2011

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…Significant main effects and interactions were followed by two-and one-way ANOVAs and Fisher's least significant difference test (LSD) for multiple comparisons. Exact p-values are reported for significant results, as was recommended earlier (Greenwald et al, 1996). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 14.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a Neuro-Cognitive Animal Model of the Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Disruption of Cortical Cholinergic Neurotransmission Following Repeated Amphetamine Exposure in Attentional Task-Performing, but Not Non-Performing, Rats

Kozak

Martı́nez

Young

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Impairments in attentional functions and capacities represent core aspects of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Attentional performance has been demonstrated to depend on the integrity and activity of cortical cholinergic inputs. The neurobiological, behavioral, and cognitive effects of repeated exposure to psychostimulants model important aspects of schizophrenia. In the present experiment, prefrontal acetylcholine (ACh) release was measured in attentional task-performing and non-performing rats pretreated with an escalating dosing regimen of amphetamine (AMPH) and following challenges with AMPH. In non-performing rats, pretreatment with AMPH did not affect the increases in ACh release produced by AMPH-challenges. In contrast, attentional task performanceassociated increases in ACh release were attenuated in AMPH-pretreated and AMPH-challenged rats. This effect of repeated AMPH exposure on ACh release was already present before task-onset, suggesting that the loss of cognitive control that characterized these animals' performance was a result of cholinergic dysregulation. The findings indicate that the demonstration of repeated AMPH-induced dysregulation of the prefrontal cholinergic input system depends on interactions between the effects of repeated AMPH exposure and cognitive performance-associated recruitment of this neuronal system. Repeated AMPH-induced disruption of prefrontal cholinergic activity and attentional performance represents a useful model to investigate the cholinergic mechanisms contributing to the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia.

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“…When appropriate, post hoc analyses were carried out using one-way ANOVAs and the least significant difference (LSD) test. Exact p-values were reported (Greenwald et al, 1996). Statistical analyses were carried out on SPSS Version 14.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of the Moderately Beneficial Cognitive Effects of Low-Dose Treatment with Haloperidol or Clozapine in an Animal Model of the Attentional Impairments of Schizophrenia

Martı́nez

Sarter

2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The absence of effective cognition enhancers for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia limits the validation of animal models and behavioral tests used for drug finding and characterization. However, low doses of haloperidol and clozapine were documented to produce moderately beneficial effects in patients. Therefore, this experiment was designed to determine the attentional effects of such treatments in a repeated-amphetamine (AMPH) animal model. Animals were trained in an operant-sustained attention task and underwent a 40-day pretreatment period with saline or increasing doses (1-10 mg per kg) of AMPH. After regaining baseline performance following 10 days of saline treatment, animals were treated with haloperidol (0.025 mg per kg), clozapine (2.5 mg per kg), or vehicle for 10 days. Furthermore, the effects of AMPH challenges (1.0 mg per kg) were assessed. In AMPH-pretreated animals, the administration of AMPH challenges resulted in the disruption of attentional performance. Treatment with haloperidol and clozapine attenuated the detrimental performance effects of these challenges, with clozapine exhibiting more robust attenuation. Furthermore, clozapine, but not haloperidol, impaired the performance of control animals. In contrast, the performance of AMPH-pretreated animals remained unaffected by clozapine. As this animal model detects the moderately beneficial cognitive effects of haloperidol and clozapine, it may be useful for preclinical research designed to detect and characterize treatments for the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.

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Effect sizes and p values: What should be reported and what should be replicated?

Cited by 254 publications

References 36 publications

How do changes in speed affect the perception of duration?

How do changes in speed affect the perception of duration?

Toward a Neuro-Cognitive Animal Model of the Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Disruption of Cortical Cholinergic Neurotransmission Following Repeated Amphetamine Exposure in Attentional Task-Performing, but Not Non-Performing, Rats

Detection of the Moderately Beneficial Cognitive Effects of Low-Dose Treatment with Haloperidol or Clozapine in an Animal Model of the Attentional Impairments of Schizophrenia

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