Effective Approach of Activated Jordanian Bentonite by Sodium Ions for Total Phenolic Compounds Removal from Olive Mill Wastewater

Abstract

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is nowadays considered a serious environmental problem, especially within the Mediterranean region. With this in mind, water shortages are also a very serious and prevalent concern in third world countries. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using Jordanian bentonite, a simple and natural clay, as a possible adsorbent to decrease the negative characteristics of raw OMW, as an approach to the development of a methodology that addresses the OMW problem without affecting freshwater resources. The purified bentonite was activated by sodium ions at room temperature. FTIR, XRD, TGA, and BET surface area measurements were performed. OMW was contacted with both purified and activated bentonite in the batch technique to figure out the optimum parameters for the adsorption process. Physiochemical parameters of OMW were measured before and after treatment. The maximum adsorption qm was found as 8.81 mg/g at 323 K for the total phenolic compounds. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were utilized to describe the equilibrium isotherms and both models fit well. The parameters of thermodynamic show that the adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic in nature. These promising results along with the sodium activation of bentonite significantly improve bentonite’s adsorption capacity.

Pillarization of Sumatera Bentonite by Sodium-assisted As Effective Adsorbent of Anionic Surfactants Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) Waste

“…fied by increasing peak intensity at 22° and 35.66° associated with montmorillonite mineral formation [30]. The high crystallinity of montmorillonite confirmed the FTIR analysis [28,31].…”

“…Fundamentally, there is no significant change in B-Na from the pure one, SB. However, the reduction intensity of the OH group was detected due to intercalation and calcination [27,28]. The slight intensity reduction at 845 cm −1 is associated with the decomposition of quartz crystals in B-Na [29].…”

Characterization of South African Bentonite and Kaolin Clays

“…The presence of Al-OH-Mg bonds is observed at 3842 cm −1 and 864 cm −1 , along with a weak band at 794 cm −1, indicating Fe 3+ -OH-Mg bonds and suggesting a higher Mg content compared to Fe 3+ [33]. The band at 690 cm −1 can be attributed to the Si-O-Al and/or Si-O-Mg deformation and bending modes [34,35]. The bands at 3394 cm −1 and 1639 cm −1 are assigned to the stretching and bending of the OH groups of water molecules adsorbed to the bentonite surface.…”

Materials Derived from Olive Pomace as Effective Bioadsorbents for the Process of Removing Total Phenols from Oil Mill Effluents

“…Furthermore, ∆S • was also negative, suggesting a decrease in randomness at the solid/solution interface during the adsorption process. Negative values for ∆H • and ∆S • may indicate that the adsorption of TPC via OPR and OPB is feasible, spontaneous and exothermic, so that both OPR and OPB may be effective adsorbents for TPC removal from aqueous solutions [39].…”