“…In particular, two data sources are used: the routine organizational climate survey (to measure the top management competencies) and the yearly results of the Tuscan Performance Evaluation System (PES) that measures and evaluates multiple health care performance dimensions of public health care organizations, from financial viability to quality and patient satisfaction, through a systematic and publicly disclosed benchmarking (Nuti & Vainieri, 2016; Nuti, Vola, Bonini, & Vainieri, 2016). Usually, authors who dealt with this topic measured both organizational performance and competencies throughout the staff self-assessment as reported by the quite recent large-scale study conducted in the English National Health System on the relationships between effective board governance (including analysis on competencies) and safe care (Mannion, Freeman, Millar, & Davies, 2016). Hence, the peculiarity of this research is to provide supporting empirical evidence using longitudinal and objective data from a large multidimensional PES and employees’ perception of top management competencies.…”