Effective catalytic removal of nitrates from drinking water: An unresolved problem?

Abstract

Over the past 29 years there have been myriad research efforts into the catalytic removal of nitrates from drinking water. In this work, 147 papers published during that period have been examined from the point of view of the ability of catalysis to produce water that is suitable for human consumption as well as amenable to industrial scale-up at reasonable working conditions of temperature and residence time. After close examination of the aforementioned articles, it is evident that this methodology has fulfilled only half its aims: it is able to reduce the nitrate concentration to guideline levels for human consumption, but it inevitably produces concentrations of ammonia and nitrites that are beyond the accepted limits for safe consumption of water. It is sometimes recommended that catalysis be combined with an ancillary technique, such as adsorption, in order to eliminate the undesirable byproducts mentioned above.However, this implies resorting to extra treatment units at the industrial scale, thus making the whole treatment process more complex and expensive. Our conclusion is

Ground Water Quality of Selected Areas of Punjab and Sind Provinces, Pakistan: Chemical and Microbiological Aspects

“…These findings revealed that the water quality is has been changed in comparison of previous studies from the selected area and with the passage of time the water quality is degrading. So far, there is need to monitor the drinking water quality, which is helpful to avoid the negative health impacts (Boone et al, 2019;Brunner et al, 2019;Charuaud et al, 2019;Khanoranga and Khalid, 2019;Mintenig et al, 2019;Mohammed, 2019;Nnorom et al, 2019;Perrin et al, 2019;Rocha-Melogno et al, 2019;Ruiz-Beviá and Fernández-Torres, 2019;Shakoor et al, 2019;Sharma et al, 2019;Uppal et al, 2019;Xiao et al, 2019).…”

Comparison of Electrocoagulation Process and Other Treatment Technologies in Fluoride Removal from Groundwater

“…Therefore, the regeneration process results in the formation of significant amounts of concentrated saline, which creates problems in the application of ion exchange systems. Regularly filling the brine tank and material cost make the system unfavorable [19,20].…”

“…Electrodialysis process is used for the concentration of electrolyte solutions, and for the dilution or desalination of solutions [18,19]. One of the advantages of ED process is the capability to produce safe drinking water with low energy consumption [20,21]. In addition, ED process is a simple operation without applied pressure for ion removal like NF and RO processes [14,15].…”

Insight on water remediation application using magnetic nanomaterials and biosorbents

“…Hosik et al, [234] reported the synthesis of maghemite NPs for As (V) removal from aqueous solution. The average size and surface area of the maghemite NPs were observed in the range (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23) nm and (41-49) m 2 .g -1 , respectively. Based on the particle size of γ-Fe2O3 NPs, the adsorption removal for γ-Fe2O3 NPs (11 ± 6 nm), is roughly 1.6 times higher than that of those γ-Fe2O3 NPs (23 ± 5 nm).…”

“…Also, there is an increasing demand for water purification globally to meet the requirements of humankind and other living organisms due to the depletion of ground-water resources [5][6][7][8][9]. Therefore, advanced technologies have emerged to eliminate the contaminants from water such as membrane filtration [1,[10][11][12], ion exchange [13,14], coagulation and flocculation [15][16][17], alternative chemical processes [18,19], and adsorption technologies [20][21][22][23].…”