“…With regard to IM app tools, previous studies focused on WhatsApp (Ahad & Lim, 2014;Aharony & Gazit, 2016;Karapanos et al, 2016;Rosales & Fernández-Ardèvol, 2016;Sánchez-Moya & Cruz-Moya, 2015) and WeChat (Gan & Wang, 2015), whereas Line has rarely received attention from scholars. Moreover, although scholars view smartphones as an effective tool for teacher-parent communication (Kang & Cho, 2014), and understanding these kinds of relationships can be helpful both theoretically and practically, relevant research remains scarce.…”