Effective Density of Diesel Exhaust Particles as a Function of Size

Virtanen, Annele; Ristimäki, Jyrki; Marjamäki, Marko; Vaaraslahti, K.; Keskinen, Jorma; Lappi, Maija

doi:10.4271/2002-01-0056

Cited by 69 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Particles >422 nm in size were excluded, although, under real conditions, they have a substantial weight. The particle mass was calculated by assuming that the particle is a round sphere with a density of 1.2 g/cm 3 , which is a value that has been retrieved from literature data (33). It must be stressed that calculation of the particle mass, using SMPS measurements and the software provided, is not coherent with the accreditation procedure, which uses weighing.…”

Section: Results and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the Emission of Particles from a Diesel Engine by Adding an Oxygenate to the Fuel

Nord

Haupt

2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Particulate and high emissions of NO x are the main problems that are associated with diesel engines. Therefore, techniques and fuels that promote a reduction in these emissions currently are attracting great interest. In this paper, a mixture of acetal and regular diesel fuel has been tested in a heavy-duty diesel engine. The effect was a marked decrease in particle number and the estimated particle mass. A small reduction of the engine power was also observed; however, the net effect was nevertheless a reduction in the emission of CO 2 per European stationary cycle. The emissions of HC, CO, NO x , some aldehydes, and hydrocarbons were only slightly affected by the new fuel composition. An exception was the emission of acetaldehyde, which was almost quadrupled, probably reflecting the decomposition and oxidation of acetal to acetaldehyde.

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Section: Results and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the Emission of Particles from a Diesel Engine by Adding an Oxygenate to the Fuel

Nord

Haupt

2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The effective density has been found using a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) in series with an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI) to measure the aerodynamic-equivalent diameter of mobility-classified particles . Another method is to measure aerodynamic and mobility size distributions simultaneously and minimize the difference between the two size distributions using an effective density function (Virtanen et al 2002). Alternatively, particle mass can be measured using an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM; Ehara et al 1996) or Couette centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA; Olfert and Collings 2005).…”

Section: Dma-thermodenuder-cpma/dma Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Density and Volatility of Particles Emitted from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles and Implications for Particle Mass Measurement

Momenimovahed

Olfert

2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The effective density and volatility of particulate emissions from five gasoline direct injection (GDI) passenger vehicles were measured using a tandem differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) system. The measurements were conducted on a chassis dynamometer at three steady-state operating conditions. A thermodenuder was employed to find the volatility and mixing state of the particles as well as the effective density of nascent and non-volatile particles (defined as particle phase remaining after denuding at 200 C). The mass-mobility exponent ranged between 2.4 and 2.7 for nascent (or undenuded) particles and between 2.5 and 2.7 for non-volatile particles; higher than typical diesel soot. The effective density function was 4278d m ¡0.438 § 76.3 kg/m 3 (for mobility diameter, d m , in nm) for nascent particles and 3215d m ¡0.395 § 37.9 kg/m 3 for non-volatile particles. The effective density functions of the non-volatile particles were fairly similar for the conditions studied. The uncertainty in using the effective density and mixing state data to determine the mass concentration of the aerosol by integrating mobility size distributions was examined. The uncertainty in mass concentration is minimized when only the non-volatile component is measured. However, the uncertainty in the mass concentration increases substantially if nascent particles are measured due to uncertainties in the particle mixing state and their associated effective densities. Furthermore, transient vehicle operation (cold-starts, accelerations, and decelerations) would likely change the mixing state of the exhaust particles suggesting it is difficult to accurately measure the mass concentration of undenuded GDI exhaust particulate using integrated size distribution methods.

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“…DPM has a solid core consisting of elemental carbon, with other substances attached at the surface, including organic carbon compounds known as aromatic hydrocarbons. The effective density of agglomerated diesel particles decreases as a function of particle size [21]. The effective density of agglomerated diesel particles varies from 1.1 to 1.2 g/cm 3 .…”

Section: Dpm Characteristics and Monitoring Systemmentioning

confidence: 96%

Untitled

2017

IJET

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Abstract-A number of underground coal mines are using diesel-powered vehicles as the main source fuel for the transport. The primary concern with these diesel-operated vehicles is the diesel particulate matter (DPM), because it is known to be a carcinogenic agent after prolonged exposure. A well-designed ventilation system is necessary to dilute DPM, so that air quality is maintained to statutory guidelines. This paper outlines details of DPM characteristics, its health effects on miners, coal mine ventilation guidelines and some research investigations that underpin the control of DPM flow in underground coal mines. Keywords-Coal mines; Ventilation ; DPM; Diesel vehicles; I. INTRODUCTION Coal has been playing a vital role since the industrial revolution. In 2015, it has been generated 41% of electricity and responsible for 70% steel production for the world with the total production of 7708 Mt [13]. Australia was 4 th largest coal producer with 437 Mt of production in 2015. Of these, 33 operating underground coal mines have been produced 22 % of the total. Most of these mines have been using diesel-operated locos, utility vehicles and load haul dumpers for transportation of men and material.Usage of diesel-powered vehicles has greater flexibility than electric vehicles because they travel longest distances and between working sections of a mine. The use of diesel vehicles is efficient, evidenced by ease of maintenance and consistency. Many nations have been depended on these vehicles because of these reasons [1].The main issue with the diesel equipment is its exhaust fumes, which contain a mixture of diesel particulate matter (DPM) and other pollutant gasses such as Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrocarbons (HC) including either total hydrocarbons (THC) or only the non-methane hydrocarbons(NMHC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) [2].DPM is the by-product of incomplete combustion of diesel fuel inthe diesel engine. These particles have solid core consisting of mainly elemental carbon and having very rich surface methodology, which adsorbs many other toxic substances [3]. More than 1,800 different organic compounds have been identified as adsorbed on the elemental carbon core, some of these areorganic chemicals (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs), condensed liquid hydrocarbons, inorganic compounds (sulphate compounds), Nitrous oxide(N 2 O), Dioxins and metal oxides.Recent research studies show that expose of miner with high concentration DPM in mine environment causes increase the risk of lung cancer. As per coal mine regulations, adequate airflow is required to dilute DPM concentration within the statutory limits in all underground places where the diesel engine works. However, some locations like developing tunnels, gate roads, closed cut-through and other isolated workings diesel vehicles need to operate at insufficient air quantity. Enormous time may require diluting these contaminants, but mine operators may have to be exposed to these high DPM concentrations.As underground coal mines go deeper and deeper and increa...

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Effective Density of Diesel Exhaust Particles as a Function of Size

Cited by 69 publications

References 15 publications

Reducing the Emission of Particles from a Diesel Engine by Adding an Oxygenate to the Fuel

Reducing the Emission of Particles from a Diesel Engine by Adding an Oxygenate to the Fuel

Effective Density and Volatility of Particles Emitted from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles and Implications for Particle Mass Measurement

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