Effective Detection of Porcine Cytomegalovirus Using Non-Invasively Taken Samples from Piglets

Morozov, Vladimir A.; Heinrichs, Gerd; Denner, Joachim

doi:10.3390/v9010009

Cited by 24 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It is clear that different cells, tissues and organs vary in their potential to harbour infectious pathogens, and this variation may play an important factor in assessing the risk of zoonotic infection in a particular xenotransplantation trial . A number of reports have characterised the pathogen status of pigs; however, whether an animal's pathogen profile obtained through blood screening is reflective of the pathogen profile of its tissues or organs has not been previously investigated. It is important to note that pathogens detected in the blood may not be present in the transplanted tissue and vice versa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the potential for porcine‐derived islet cells to harbour viral pathogens

Crossan

O'Hara

Mourad

et al. 2017

Xenotransplantation

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With an onus on safety in the potential use of porcine islet cells as a treatment for diabetes, the use of animals lacking exogenous pathogens is clearly important and multilevel screening strategies have been presented on testing animals and the product. In this study, we wished to investigate whether islet cells indeed harboured the same viral pathogens of concern in the source animal. PMBC and islet cells from both adult and neonatal source animals were directly compared and tested for PCMV, PLHV, PCV2, PPV and HEV using both molecular and serological assays. Adult PBMC were found positive for all viruses with the exception of PCV2 and HEV. Neonatal PBMC were only found positive for PCMV and HEV. All animals were found negative for HEV antibodies. Interestingly, islet cells were negative for all viruses tested regardless of status in the animal-derived PBMC. Given that other laboratories have demonstrated the lack of virus detection during the culture of islets, this study also demonstrates that the hygiene status of the herd may not reflect the status of the product. This is important for establishing guidelines for any risk evaluation and mitigation process utilised during product manufacture.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the potential for porcine‐derived islet cells to harbour viral pathogens

Crossan

O'Hara

Mourad

et al. 2017

Xenotransplantation

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“…For testing, PCR‐based methods and immunologic methods detecting PCMV‐specific antibodies can be used. Furthermore, screening for PCMV using non‐invasively taken samples was found effective . Even though antibody titers have been reported from piglets infected very early in life, there is some evidence that no seroconversion takes place in piglets infected congenitally or neonatally, making serological testing ineffective in cases where such infection routes are suspected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early weaning completely eliminates porcine cytomegalovirus from a newly established pig donor facility for xenotransplantation

Egerer¹,

Fiebig

Keßler³

et al. 2018

Xenotransplantation

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For clinical xenotransplantation, transplants must be free of porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV). Piglets become infected primarily in the perinatal period by the mother sow. While individual donor animals can be protected from infection by isolation husbandry, success is not guaranteed and this strategy poses the risk of undetected infections and raises animal welfare questions. Here, we present the establishment of a completely PCMV-negative pig herd for breeding donor animals for xenotransplantation. Eleven pregnant DanAvl Basic hybrid sows were purchased from a designated pathogen-free (DPF), PCMV-positive colony and transferred to a new pig facility at the Centre for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM) 4 weeks prior to farrowing. At the age of 24 hours, piglets were early-weaned and transferred to a commercially available Rescue Deck system dedicated to motherless rearing of piglets. Sows were removed from the facility. The PCMV status of F1-generation animals was determined at regular intervals over a period of 14 months by a sensitive real-time PCR-based detection method testing blood, nasal swabs and cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). F1 sows were used as recipients of genetically modified embryos to generate a xenotransplant donor herd. Offspring were tested for PCMV accordingly. All offspring have remained PCMV negative over the whole observation period of 14 months. A completely PCMV-negative pig herd for xenotransplantation has thus been successfully established.

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“…, testing other samples such as oral and anal swabs, ear biopsies or organs. Screening 10 days old piglets for PCMV, virus was more effectively detected using oral and anal swabs in comparison to blood samples [24]. The sensitive assays may also be used to screen the human recipients of xenotransplants but only in the case the donor pigs were positive.…”

Section: Detection Methods and Elimination Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xenotransplantation — A special case of One Health

Denner

2017

One Health

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The chronic shortage of human transplants to treat tissue and organ failure has led to the development of xenotransplantation, the transplantation of cells, tissues and organs from another species to human recipients. For a number of reasons, pigs are best suited as donor animals. Successful, routine xenotransplantation would have an enormous impact on the health of the human population, including the young, who sometimes require a replacement organ or islet cells, but especially the elderly, who more often suffer the consequences of organ failure. The first form of xenotransplantation applied to humans is the use of pig islet cells to treat insulin-dependent diabetes, a procedure that will have a significant economic impact. However, although xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs may save and prolong the lives of patients, it may also be associated with the transmission of porcine microorganisms to the recipient, eventually resulting in emerging infectious diseases. For this reason, the health of both the donor animals and the human recipients represents a special and sensitive case of the One Health concept. Basic research leading to strategies how to prevent transmission of porcine microorganisms by selection of virus-free animals, treatment of donor pigs by antiviral drugs, vaccines, colostrum deprivation, early weaning, Caesarean delivery, embryo transfer and/or gene editing should be undertaken to supply an increasing number of potential recipients with urgently required transplants. The methods developed for the detection and elimination of porcine microorganisms in the context of xenotransplantation will also contribute to an improvement in the health of pig populations in general and an increase in the quality of meat products. At present, there is evidence for transmission of porcine viruses to humans eating pork and having contact with pigs, however the impact of these viruses on public health is still unknown.

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Effective Detection of Porcine Cytomegalovirus Using Non-Invasively Taken Samples from Piglets

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Examining the potential for porcine‐derived islet cells to harbour viral pathogens

Examining the potential for porcine‐derived islet cells to harbour viral pathogens

Early weaning completely eliminates porcine cytomegalovirus from a newly established pig donor facility for xenotransplantation

Xenotransplantation — A special case of One Health

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