Effective drugs used to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and the current status of vaccines

Awadasseid, Annoor; Wu, Yanling; Tanaka, Yoshimasa; Zhang, Wen

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111330

Cited by 42 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Based on the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and the life cycle of the virus, several antiviral drugs will serve as effective anti-COVID-19 targets. Drugs such as remdesivir, favipiravir, and lopinavir/ritonavir have been shown to be effective ( 66 ). However, at present, most of these therapeutic drugs are still under clinical trials, and their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 has not been determined holistically.…”

Section: Treatment and Prevention Of The Cytokine Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine Storm: The Primary Determinant for the Pathophysiological Evolution of COVID-19 Deterioration

et al. 2021

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing major threat to global health and has posed significant challenges for the treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients. Several studies have reported that cytokine storms are an important cause of disease deterioration and death in COVID-19 patients. Consequently, it is important to understand the specific pathophysiological processes underlying how cytokine storms promote the deterioration of COVID-19. Here, we outline the pathophysiological processes through which cytokine storms contribute to the deterioration of SARS-CoV-2 infection and describe the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system, as well as the pathophysiology of immune response dysfunction that leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and coagulation impairment. Treatments based on inhibiting cytokine storm-induced deterioration and occurrence are also described.

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Section: Treatment and Prevention Of The Cytokine Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine Storm: The Primary Determinant for the Pathophysiological Evolution of COVID-19 Deterioration

et al. 2021

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“…The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging pandemic disease triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] . SARS-CoV-2 affected more than 188,655,968 people worldwide as of 7:21 pm CEST, 16 July 2021, contributing to more than 4,067,517 deaths, with a fatality rate of 2.15% [5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential protective role of the anti-PD-1 blockade against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Awadasseid¹,

Yin²,

Wu³

et al. 2021

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

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The outbreak of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and its global dissemination became the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. In patients undergoing immunotherapy, the effect and path of viral infection remain uncertain. In addition, viral-infected mice and humans show T-cell exhaustion, which is identified after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Notably, they regain their T-cell competence and effectively prevent viral infection when treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies. Four clinical trials are officially open to evaluate anti-PD-1 antibody administration's effectiveness for cancer and non-cancer individuals influenced by COVID-19 based on these findings. The findings may demonstrate the hypothesis that a winning strategy to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection could be the restoration of exhausted T-cells. In this review, we outline the potential protective function of the anti-PD-1 blockade against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the aim to develop SARS-CoV-2 therapy.

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“…Is it because they have a better ability to evade the anti-viral response or greater infectivity, or is it both of these or something that has yet to be identified? 178 Hopefully, answers to these questions will provide us with a better understanding of the viral, immunologic, and pathologic features of COVID-19, and will result in better treatment strategies, and ultimately lead to the control of this devastating pandemic. The age range and mean age of diagnosed cases in the three epidemics are from data cited in Hu T. et al 54…”

Section: Conclusion and Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of the Clinical, Viral, Pathologic, and Immunologic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Diseases

Barth

Buja

Barth

et al. 2021

Archives of Pathology &Amp; Laboratory Medicine

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Context.—The purpose of this review is to compare three coronavirus diseases: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, respectively. Objective.—To cover the following topics: clinical considerations, viral characteristics, pathology, immune response, pathogenesis, and the prognosis associated with each coronavirus human disease in humans. Data Sources.—Clinically, flu-like symptoms are usual at the time of presentation for all 3 diseases, but these vary from asymptomatic to severe multi-system involvement. The pathology associated with symptomatic SARS and COVID-19 has been well described, the most prominent of which is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). The immune response to each of these viruses is highly complex and includes both humoral and cellular components that can have a significant impact on prognosis. In severe cases of COVID-19, a dysregulated innate host immune system can initiate a hyperinflammatory syndrome dominated by endothelial dysfunction that can lead to a hypercoagulable state with microthrombi, resulting in a systemic micro- and macro-vascular disease. Conclusions.—The SARS and MERS epidemics have been limited, involving 7,500 and 2,500 individuals, respectively. In contrast, COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide pandemic with over 177 million cases and 3.9 million deaths as of June 15, 2021, and fatality rates ranging from <0.1% to ~10% depending upon the country. Ending on a positive note, the development of a number of vaccines, at least six of which now are in clinical use, should mitigate and eventually control the devastating COVID-19 pandemic.

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Effective drugs used to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and the current status of vaccines

Cited by 42 publications

References 111 publications

Cytokine Storm: The Primary Determinant for the Pathophysiological Evolution of COVID-19 Deterioration

Cytokine Storm: The Primary Determinant for the Pathophysiological Evolution of COVID-19 Deterioration

Potential protective role of the anti-PD-1 blockade against SARS-CoV-2 infection

A Comparison of the Clinical, Viral, Pathologic, and Immunologic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Diseases

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