Effective Factors in the Chemical and Biological Control of Fasciola spp. With an Emphasis on the Effects of Macrofungi

Abstract

Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are among the most interesting and at the same time important subjects of parasitology. The relative ability of these zoonoses in performing laboratory operations and their high prevalence in animals have made fascioliasis a suitable research subject. Today, consistent and continuous control measures are widely recognized as planned management strategies for fascioliasis. These programs may include scheduled grazing of animals and killing of snails and the use of antiparasitic drugs. In the past, various medicinal plants have been tested against fascioliasis. Usually, mushrooms are known as valuable food and contain various active chemical substances with nutritional and therapeutic properties. Ganoderma applanatum and Cantharellus cibarius are species of macrofungi that have great medicinal and therapeutic value. These mushrooms show a wide range of medicinal properties (antibacterial, anticancer, antihypertensive, immune system modulator, antioxidant, and antiandrogenic properties). In the biological control method of various Fasciola species, macrofungi and predatory fungi are mostly used, and due to the naturalness of their compounds, they have extremely less side effects and risks compared to chemical synthetic compounds, and because of this alternative biological control, they will be suitable for other fascioliasis control methods in the future.

A Comprehensive Review of Tick-Born Blood Protozoan Disease in Cattle: Babesiosis and Vaccination

“…Such information could also offer priceless insights into how parasites and hosts interact (71)(72)(73). New approaches to designing and manufacturing innovative epitope-based vaccinations have been made possible by increased bioinformatic tool expertise and advancements in recombinant DNA technology (74)(75)(76). The least immunogenic component of any antigenic determinant (epitope) can elicit a particular immune response (77)(78)(79).…”