Effective material model for cold-formed rectangular hollow sections in beam element-based advanced analysis

Towards a practicable GMNIA procedure in the footsteps of the Direct Design Method

“…Table 1 presents the properties of CFRHS which are considered as random variables in reliability studies with varying probabilistic distributions. It should be noted that only a brief description is given in this paper for the presented procedure and more detailed descriptions can be found for the residual stress model in [13], for the EMM in [14], and for the rest of the features in [12].…”

“…The present study considers CFRHS fabricated by the continuous forming method [13]. In these sections, corner regions have higher yield and ultimate stresses than the flat region of the cross-section [14]. Additionally, a significant magnitude of bending residual stresses exists in these sections for longitudinal and transversal directions [13].…”

“…Additionally, a significant magnitude of bending residual stresses exists in these sections for longitudinal and transversal directions [13]. The effects of hardened corner region material and residual stresses have been incorporated into the NFEA by using the so-called Effective Material Model (EMM) [14]. In EMM, the stress-strain curve is determined as a weighted average from flat and corner region materials and by reducing the stiffness of the stress-strain curve due to residual stresses.…”