Effective regeneration of anode material recycled from scrapped Li-ion batteries

Zhang, Jin; Li, Xuelei; Song, Dawei; Miao, Yanli; Song, Jinbao; Zhang, Lianqi

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.04.039

Cited by 151 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In contrast, the cathode discharged at 250 mA showed slightly less morphologically defined discharge products (i. e. the toroidal shape was not as obvious) consistent with the current-dependent size of discharge products widely reported. [56,57] From the corresponding discharge profiles, we observe that the discharge potential for the cathode discharged at 50 mA is markedly higher than at higher discharge rates (100 mA, 250 mA).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This complete coverage with discharge products may explain why rechargeability at full depth was so limited ( Figure S5) and is consistent with previous studies where full depths of discharge have led to large discharge product deposits and poor rechargeability. [25,56,57] Based on the observation that tests conducted under symmetric discharge/charge conditions of AE 50 mA provided the largest number of cycles, the influence of depth of discharge on the total cumulative discharge capacity was also investigated. This was done by varying the depth of discharge to 1000 mAhg À1 , 750 mAhg À1 , 500 mAhg À1 , 250 mAhg À1 , 80 mAhg À1 and 50 mAhg À1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tailoring Asymmetric Discharge‐Charge Rates and Capacity Limits to Extend Li‐O₂ Battery Cycle Life

Geaney

O’Dwyer

2017

ChemElectroChem

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Original citationGeaney, H. and O'Dwyer, C. (2017) under symmetric discharge/charge currents of 50 μA strongly affected the cumulative discharge capacity of each cell. A maximum cumulative discharge capacity was found to occur at ~10 % depth of discharge (500 mAhg -1) and the cumulative discharge capacity of 39,500 mAhg -1 was significantly greater than cells operated at higher and lower depths of discharge. The results emphasize the importance of appropriate discharge/charge rate and depth of discharge selection for other cathode/electrolyte combinations for directly improving cycle life performances of Li-O2 batteries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring Asymmetric Discharge‐Charge Rates and Capacity Limits to Extend Li‐O₂ Battery Cycle Life

Geaney

O’Dwyer

2017

ChemElectroChem

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“…Currently, some research efforts have been made to develop the reuse process of graphite in the direction of energy storage applications shows the prospect of “recycle‐reuse” in the large‐scale process for the recycling industries to fulfill the recycling process. [ 30–34 ] Indeed, the anode part also contains lithium, and it should be recovered before reuse in other applications. [ 35 ] He and his co‐workers [ 36 ] optimized the hydrometallurgical process using HCl and H 2 O 2 as the lixiviant to recover the maximum lithium from the spent graphite.…”

Section: Research Progress Of the Graphite Reuse In Lab‐scale: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this high recovery efficiency can be obtained using 3 m HCl at 80 °C for 90 min in the solid–liquid ratio of 1:50 g mL −1 could not support the recycling process to be cost‐effective and eco‐friendly. Zhang et al [ 31 ] removed the binder, SEI layer, and conductive additive from the waste graphite through a shear‐emulsifying technique using H 2 SO 4 and H 2 O 2 solution, subsequently treated at different temperatures. In the second step, these heat‐treated samples were again coated with phenolic resin and calcined at 300–600 °C to evaluate their performance as an anode material for LIBs.…”

Section: Research Progress Of the Graphite Reuse In Lab‐scale: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Urgent Call to Spent LIB Recycling: Whys and Wherefores for Graphite Recovery

Natarajan

Aravindan

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

212

120

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diffuse between their layers, though only at prismatic surfaces as well as it is also possible via defect sites for the basal planes. The term "intercalation in graphite" refers to the incorporation of atomic or molecular layers of a guest species between the ordered graphite layers, and this process would be reversible and "topotactic" that endorses the different interlayer distance without changing the carbon atomic arrangement within the layer. The mechanism involved in the intercalation process is generally identified as "staging" where the lithium prefers to reside in the distant graphene layers first rather than picking the neighbor graphene layers as shown in Figure 1; however, Li-ions pick the gap of neighboring graphene layers to form a Li-C 6-Li-C 6 chain along the c-direction if the graphite is intercalated fully with a spacing of 0.430 nm. [3,4,6-8] As well, it is also proven that both hexagonal and rhombohedral graphitic phases could able to intercalate the lithium reversibly almost in the same storage capacities. Commercial graphite possesses a larger number of rhombohedral units, and that kind of graphene planes as a host will be more favorable to intercalate lithium. Many efforts have been made to clarify the intercalation mechanism of lithium into the graphite from various perspectives. The occurrence of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation is necessary for safe operation (since LiC 6 is known to be the strong reducing agent) of the cell regardless of any electrode/electrolyte contact and plays a decisive role in the capacity of the material. [9] It is well-known that the excess charge consumption for the graphite-based electrodes during the first cycle surpasses the theoretical capacity of 372 mAh g-1 as a result of this passive layer formation, i.e., SEI, also attributed to the corrosion-like reactions of Li x C 6. The intercalated compounds are unstable similar to metallic lithium in the electrolytes which surface is protected by this formation of SEI layer that pays the excess charge consumption in the first cycle of the intercalation/deintercalation process. Generally, non-graphitic carbons which have not c-direction in the crystallographic order can be categorized as high (x > 1 in Li x C 6) and low (x = 0.5-0.8 in Li x C 6) specific charge carbons based on their reversible lithium storage properties. From the category of low-specific charge carbons, coke and turbostratic kind of carbons gain much attention for the Li-intercalation owing to their structural properties, which could overwhelm the development of Li x (solv) y C 6. Also, the coke-containing electrode unveiled the reversible Li-intercalation at ≈1.2 V versus Li during the first cycle, distinguishes from the insertion potential of graphite because of the disordered structure. High specific Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a key source for securing tons of raw materials that are valuable materials for LIB applications. However, the massive emerging volume of spent LIBs urgently needs a new management strategy to recy...

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“…However, these techniques focus on cathode materials alone while largely overlooking the anode of the battery. In turn, anode recycling has so far focused mostly on the metal in the electrode, and only very recently has the focus shifted towards the recycling of graphite powders, which were reactivated via heat and chemical treatments and reused for constructing new LIBs [2,9,11–16] . It has also been demonstrated that graphene oxide can be successfully synthesized from SLIBs graphite, and even proposed that SLIB graphite is a suitable precursor material for graphene production with the battery cycling considered as a prefabrication step for graphite lattice expansion [17–19] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spent Li‐Ion Battery Graphite Turned Into Valuable and Active Catalyst for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction

et al. 2021

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Employing Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) in portable electronics has become a necessity in the modern world but, due to the short application time for any given battery (1–3 years), the quantity of spent LIBs (SLIBs) waste is becoming substantial. Herein, a novel strategy for recycling SLIB graphite and reforming it as a valuable catalyst material for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction was proposed. SLIB graphite has been used as a precursor material for graphite oxide, which was thereafter doped with nitrogen to prepare nitrogen‐doped graphene (NG‐Bat). The prepared NG‐Bat was characterized by various physical characterization methods and the electrochemical properties of the resulting catalyst material were investigated in alkaline media. It was found that NG‐Bat prepared from SLIB had superior physical and electrochemical properties in comparison to commercial nitrogen‐doped graphene. The findings clearly demonstrate the importance of the recycling of SLIB graphite and its great potential to be re‐applied for various applications.

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Effective regeneration of anode material recycled from scrapped Li-ion batteries

Cited by 151 publications

References 19 publications

Tailoring Asymmetric Discharge‐Charge Rates and Capacity Limits to Extend Li‐O₂ Battery Cycle Life

Tailoring Asymmetric Discharge‐Charge Rates and Capacity Limits to Extend Li‐O₂ Battery Cycle Life

An Urgent Call to Spent LIB Recycling: Whys and Wherefores for Graphite Recovery

Spent Li‐Ion Battery Graphite Turned Into Valuable and Active Catalyst for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction

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Effective regeneration of anode material recycled from scrapped Li-ion batteries

Cited by 151 publications

References 19 publications

Tailoring Asymmetric Discharge‐Charge Rates and Capacity Limits to Extend Li‐O2 Battery Cycle Life

Tailoring Asymmetric Discharge‐Charge Rates and Capacity Limits to Extend Li‐O2 Battery Cycle Life

An Urgent Call to Spent LIB Recycling: Whys and Wherefores for Graphite Recovery

Spent Li‐Ion Battery Graphite Turned Into Valuable and Active Catalyst for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction

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Product

Resources

About

Tailoring Asymmetric Discharge‐Charge Rates and Capacity Limits to Extend Li‐O₂ Battery Cycle Life

Tailoring Asymmetric Discharge‐Charge Rates and Capacity Limits to Extend Li‐O₂ Battery Cycle Life