Effective treatment of intractable diseases using nanoparticles to interfere with vascular supply and angiogenic process

Abstract

Angiogenesis is a vital biological process involving blood vessels forming from pre-existing vascular systems. This process contributes to various physiological activities, including embryonic development, hair growth, ovulation, menstruation, and the repair and regeneration of damaged tissue. On the other hand, it is essential in treating a wide range of pathological diseases, such as cardiovascular and ischemic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, malignancies, ophthalmic and retinal diseases, and other chronic conditions. These diseases and disorders are frequently treated by regulating angiogenesis by utilizing a variety of pro-angiogenic or anti-angiogenic agents or molecules by stimulating or suppressing this complicated process, respectively. Nevertheless, many traditional angiogenic therapy techniques suffer from a lack of ability to achieve the intended therapeutic impact because of various constraints. These disadvantages include limited bioavailability, drug resistance, fast elimination, increased price, nonspecificity, and adverse effects. As a result, it is an excellent time for developing various pro- and anti-angiogenic substances that might circumvent the abovementioned restrictions, followed by their efficient use in treating disorders associated with angiogenesis. In recent years, significant progress has been made in different fields of medicine and biology, including therapeutic angiogenesis. Around the world, a multitude of research groups investigated several inorganic or organic nanoparticles (NPs) that had the potential to effectively modify the angiogenesis processes by either enhancing or suppressing the process. Many studies into the processes behind NP-mediated angiogenesis are well described. In this article, we also cover the application of NPs to encourage tissue vascularization as well as their angiogenic and anti-angiogenic effects in the treatment of several disorders, including bone regeneration, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic retinopathy, ischemic stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, post-ischemic cardiovascular injury, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, gene delivery-based angiogenic therapy, protein delivery-based angiogenic therapy, stem cell angiogenic therapy, and diabetic retinopathy, cancer that may benefit from the behavior of the nanostructures in the vascular system throughout the body. In addition, the accompanying difficulties and potential future applications of NPs in treating angiogenesis-related diseases and antiangiogenic therapies are discussed.

Biomaterials-Based Strategies to Enhance Angiogenesis in Diabetic Wound Healing

“…Also, low breaking strength has been found in diabetic animal models leading to hampered angiogenesis . Delayed healing and persistent wounds have been linked to impaired angiogenesis …”

Multifunctional nano-in-micro delivery systems for targeted therapy in fundus neovascularization diseases

“…1. Novel therapeutic strategies have been designed to optimize efficacy, minimize adverse events, and minimize the frequency of interventions [32,33]. Because VEGF and its receptor, VEGFR, play key roles in the pathogenesis of CNV and RVO [34][35][36][37].…”

The Need for Smart Materials in an Expanding Smart World: MXene-Based Wearable Electronics and Their Advantageous Applications

“…Recent research has shown that there is potential for MXene to be used in diagnostic nanomedicine, image processing, biosensing, as an antibacterial agent, and in the treatment of cancer . MXenes have been described as multipurpose theragnostic agents for effective magnetic resonance (MR) and photoacoustic (PA) dual-modality imaging-guided photothermal treatment (PTT) against cancer because of their great biocompatibility, which is a crucial route. , This is possible because of the MXenes’ ability to inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species. MXenes make it easier to manufacture mediator-free biosensors by allowing for direct electron transfer between the bioreceptors and the electrode and by functioning as biomolecule immobilization frameworks to preserve active proteins.…”