Effective Use of Turnout: Biomechanical, Neuromuscular, and Behavioral Considerations

Grossman, Gayanne; Krasnow, Donna; Welsh, Thomas

doi:10.1080/15290824.2005.10387279

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The most likely explanation for the lower ranked couples having lower speed during reverse turns is that their technique was flawed to some extent. Research suggests that dancers can have inaccurate perceptions of the joint action and muscle use during turns, be uncertain of the amount of turnout they have or how to use it properly ( Grossman, 2005 ; Daniels, 2007 ). It is thus important for dancers to realize that improving the actions of the hip, pelvis and spine can produce longer leaps, cleaner turns and hence more effective turns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This speed probably depended more on other factors like technique and physical conditioning. For example, Grossman (2005) highlighted the importance of lower extremity muscles for producing good technique during turns as they can determine the ability to turn the leg outwards and hence affect the alignment during a turn. To improve a dancer’s performance, particularly the quality of turns, specific conditioning is required to optimize an individual’s range of movement such that the complex movement patterns through space can be achieved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A turn in dance denotes external rotation of the lower extremities as a result of interdependent hip, knee, lower-leg and the foot-ankle complex movements ( Champion, 2008 ). Dancers must have adequate length and strength in the structures around the trunk, the hip joint and the ankle joint ( Grossman, 2005 ) to make the perfect turn which requires 90° of external rotation of each leg. Most investigators agree that approximately 60–70° of the turn is generated at the hip joint and only 10–35° from the knee and below.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Time-Motion Analysis of Turns Performed by Highly Ranked Viennese Waltz Dancers

Prosen

James

Dimitriou

et al. 2013

Journal of Human Kinetics

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Twenty-four dance couples performing at the 2011 IDSF (International DanceSport Federation) International Slovenia Open were divided into two groups: the first twelve placed couples (top ranked) and the last twelve placed couples (lower ranked). Video recordings were processed automatically using computer vision tracking algorithms under operator supervision to calculate movement parameters. Time and speed of movement were analysed during single natural (right) and reverse (left) turns performed during the Viennese waltz. Both top and lower ranked dancers tended to perform similar proportionate frequencies of reverse (≈ 35%) and natural (≈ 65%) turns. Analysis of reverse turns showed that the top ranked dancers performed less turns on a curved trajectory (16%) than the lower ranked dancers (33%). The top ranked couples performed all turns at similar speeds (F = 1.31, df = 3, p = 0.27; mean = 2.09m/s) all of which were significantly quicker than the lower ranked couples (mean = 1.94m/s), the greatest differences found for reverse turns (12.43% faster for curved trajectories, 8.42% for straight trajectories). This suggests that the ability to maintain a high speed in the more difficult turns, particularly the reverse turns on a curved trajectory, results in the overall dance appearing more fluent as the speed of movement does not fluctuate as much. This aspect of performance needs to be improved by lower ranked dancers if they wish to improve rating of their performance. Future research should determine which factors relate to the speed of turns.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Time-Motion Analysis of Turns Performed by Highly Ranked Viennese Waltz Dancers

Prosen

James

Dimitriou

et al. 2013

Journal of Human Kinetics

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“…Kent, personal communication, October 10, 2016. ) Pool classes can be used to teach students about their physical potential and help them connect with the muscle groups needed to facilitate proper external rotation (Grossman et al, 2005). This discovery process, as indicated from the subjects' qualitative responses, may be more difficult to sense in land-based instruction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new somatic environment: Quasi-quantitative study reveals water training as an effective method to increase dancer kinesthetic awareness

Holmes

2018

MoHE

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Data from a two-year study suggest that water training has similar effects to a somatic practice. The nature of this study questioned an underlying assumption that dancers understood how to appropriately engage their external rotation. Principal Investigator (PI) hypothesized that working with water as a cross-training method would both strengthen and increase the range of motion of femoral external rotation. Subjects (university dancers) underwent pre- and post-testing measurements (passive and active external rotation and internal rotation). The study consisted of twice a week, 30 to 45-minute water conditioning classes, for six weeks. Programs assisting in angle analysis and determining statistical significance, included: ImageJ, Microsoft Excel, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS IMB version 24). Qualitative data were processed by an open source Python package, Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) used specifically for text mining. The results reflected that quantitative measurement methods were not effective, indicating no statistical significance in increasing active or passive external rotation. PI observed an increase in perceived awareness of the subject’s external rotation through a qualitative survey. This affirmed PI hypothesis that water training augments kinesthetic awareness in much the same way as a somatic practice. This study encourages the use of water training to develop a dancer’s kinesthetic sensing by creating a positive learning experience that teaches body awareness in a new environment.

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“…Additionally, most teachers encourage the students to turn out only from the hip angles due to the form of the movement. However, a study suggests that on average, 60% of turnout was created by the outward rotation of the hip, and 30% from the ankle, and the remaining percentage created by the tibia and knee joint (Grossman et al, 2005). The multiple structures of these specific movements in ballet require extra precision to understand the demands of complex movements which are necessary to optimize turnout in young ballet dancers.…”

Section: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Dance Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Segmental Musculoskeletal Examinations of Injured Adolescent Ballet Dancers Mimic a Decreased Strength, Anaerobic Power and Endurance Performance

Umutlu

Arinli

2021

International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences

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The primary purpose of this research was to gather information on whether overload placed upon lower extremity muscles during aerobic dance-only classes induce negative adaptations on muscular strength, endurance and, anaerobic capacity due to the inadequate strength and conditioning programs. The second purpose was to determine whether pre-season screenings of injured dancers showed drastic changes in isokinetic mean work, power, and moments before injury occurrence to identify predisposing factors compared to healthy counterparts. Ten healthy and 11 injured adolescent female ballet dancers who experienced anterior cruciate ligament injury during ballet performance participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements, anaerobic power, muscle strength and endurance performance scores were recorded using preliminary testing sessions. Significant correlations were occurred between fatigue parameters of extensor muscles and the decline in knee extension mean work, power, and moment (r=.831, p˂.001; r=.961, p˂.001; r=.969, p˂.001). Fatigue index of flexor muscles was also positively correlated with the decline in mean work, power, and moment parameters of knee flexor muscles at 1-5 to last 5 reps (r=.818, p˂.001; r=.837, p˂.001; r=.931, p˂.001), respectively. As a result, segmental musculoskeletal examinations on anaerobic power, muscle strength and endurance performance revealed that dancers performing aerobic dance only classes are prone to suffer lower extremity injuries and muscular characteristics of ankle, knee and hip muscles also predispose a decreased strength, anaerobic power and endurance performance following an anterior cruciate ligament injury.

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Effective Use of Turnout: Biomechanical, Neuromuscular, and Behavioral Considerations

Cited by 26 publications

References 8 publications

A Time-Motion Analysis of Turns Performed by Highly Ranked Viennese Waltz Dancers

A Time-Motion Analysis of Turns Performed by Highly Ranked Viennese Waltz Dancers

A new somatic environment: Quasi-quantitative study reveals water training as an effective method to increase dancer kinesthetic awareness

Segmental Musculoskeletal Examinations of Injured Adolescent Ballet Dancers Mimic a Decreased Strength, Anaerobic Power and Endurance Performance

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