Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of double reading of mammograms in breast cancer screening: findings of a systematic review

Breast cancer diagnosis in digitized mammograms using curvelet moments

“…However, the difficulty of mammogram interpretation leads to high rates of missed cancers and misinterpreted non-cancerous lesions. Therefore, a second opinion is usually required to reduce false positive and false negative rates [5].…”

Interpretation Errors in CT Angiography of the Head and Neck and the Benefit of Double Reading

“…Double reading by consensus (radiologists must agree on a diagnosis) and double reading by arbitration (a third radiologist makes the arbitrary decision in cases of disagreements) achieved relatively high cancer detection rates and low recall rates compared with double reading by unilateral recall (decision to recall patient is required from only 1 of the 2 radiologists). 16 Independent readings also were shown to be superior to nonindependent readings. Double reading seemed to be cost-effective because 2 United Kingdom studies suggested that the incremental cost benefit per additional cancer detected by double reading ranges from £1162 to £2221.…”

“…A review from 2001 indicates that double reading can increase cancer detection rates in the ranges of 3 to 12 (median, 4.4) cases per 10 000 women screened. 16 The benefits were highly dependent on the method in which disagreements in diagnosis were resolved. Double reading by consensus (radiologists must agree on a diagnosis) and double reading by arbitration (a third radiologist makes the arbitrary decision in cases of disagreements) achieved relatively high cancer detection rates and low recall rates compared with double reading by unilateral recall (decision to recall patient is required from only 1 of the 2 radiologists).…”

CAD systems for mammography: a real opportunity? A review of the literature

“…Furthermore, different readers miss different cancers, as is evidenced by the success of double reading, in which two readers independently read the films [11]. The most accurate method of interpretation is double reading with arbitration, in which a third reader reviews cases about which the two readers disagree [11,12]. These findings led to the introduction of routine double reading in screening programmes, particularly in Europe and in other countries outside the USA.…”

“…Inoltre, lettori diversi perdono tumori diversi, come evidenziato dal successo della doppia lettura, in cui due osservatori leggono le immagini indipendentemente [11]. Il più accurato metodo di interpretazione è la doppia lettura con arbitraggio, in cui un terzo lettore rivede i casi su cui c'è disaccordo tra i primi due [11,12]. Queste evidenze hanno portato a introdurre routinariamente la doppia lettura nei programmi di screening, in particolare in Europa e in altri paesi al di fuori degli USA.…”