Objective: To assess the safety and effectiveness of a self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) combined with Iodine-125 seeds strand to treat hilar malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). Methods: This retrospective study included patients who had received SEMS with 125 I seeds strand (seeds group) or SEMS alone (controls) to treat hilar MBO. Demographic, biochemical, stent patency, overall survival and complications data were extracted and analysed. Results: A total of 76 patients were included (seeds group, n ¼ 40; controls, n ¼ 36), with a total of 608 seeds deployed in the seeds group (mean, 15.2 AE 4.1 [range, 8-25] seeds per patient). Statistically significant between-group differences were shown in median stent patency time (seeds group, 387.0 AE 27.9 days [95% confidence interval {CI} 332.4, 441.6] versus controls, 121.0 AE 9.1 days [95% CI 103.2, 138.8]) and in median overall survival (seeds group, 177.0 AE 17.9 days [95% CI 141.8, 212.2] versus controls, 123.0 AE 20.4 [95% CI 83.0, 163.0]). There were no statistically significant between-group differences in complication rates. Conclusion: SEMS combined with 125 I seeds strand is safe, feasible, and tolerable in treating patients with hilar MBO, and may be effective in prolonging stent patency time and overall survival.