Effectiveness of 2-Dose BNT162b2 (Pfizer BioNTech) mRNA Vaccine in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children Aged 5–11 Years and Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years — PROTECT Cohort, July 2021–February 2022

Fowlkes, Ashley; Yoon, Sarang K; Lutrick, Karen; Gwynn, Lisa; Burns, Joy; Grant, Lauren; Phillips, Andrew L; Ellingson, Katherine; Ferraris, Maria V.; LeClair, Lindsay; Mathenge, Clare; Yoo, Young Mi; Thiese, Matthew S.; Gerald, Lynn B.; Solle, Natasha Schaefer; Jeddy, Zuha; Odame‐Bamfo, Leah; Mak, Josephine; Hegmann, Kurt T.; Gerald, Joe K.; Ochoa, Jezahel S.; Berry, Mark; Rose, Spencer; Lamberte, Julie Mayo; Madhivanan, Purnima; Pubillones, Felipe A; Ramona, P.; Dunnigan, Kayan; Jones, John T.; Krupp, Karl; Edwards, Laura J.; Bedrick, Edward J.; Sokol, Brian; Lowe, Ashley A.; McLeland-Wieser, Hilary; Jovel, Krystal; Fleary, Deanna E.; Khan, Sana; Poe, Brandon; Hollister, James; Lopez, Joanna; Rivers, Patrick; Beitel, Shawn; Tyner, Harmony L.; Naleway, Allison L.; Olsho, Lauren; Caban‐Martinez, Alberto J.; Burgess, Jefferey L.; Thompson, Mark G.; Gaglani, Manjusha

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7111e1

Cited by 157 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Since early reports of post-vaccination transmission in mid-2021, it has become clear that vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, once infected, transmit to others at similar rates 16. Vaccine effectiveness may also be lower in younger age groups 17. While higher rates of hospitalisation and COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality can indeed be observed among the unvaccinated across all age groups,3–6 broad-stroke passport and mandate policies do not seem to recognise the extreme risk differential across populations (benefits are greatest in older adults), are often justified on the basis of reducing transmission and, in many countries, ignore the protective role of prior infection 18 19…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good

et al. 2022

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Vaccination policies have shifted dramatically during COVID-19 with the rapid emergence of population-wide vaccine mandates, domestic vaccine passports and differential restrictions based on vaccination status. While these policies have prompted ethical, scientific, practical, legal and political debate, there has been limited evaluation of their potential unintended consequences. Here, we outline a comprehensive set of hypotheses for why these policies may ultimately be counterproductive and harmful. Our framework considers four domains: (1) behavioural psychology, (2) politics and law, (3) socioeconomics, and (4) the integrity of science and public health. While current vaccines appear to have had a significant impact on decreasing COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality burdens, we argue that current mandatory vaccine policies are scientifically questionable and are likely to cause more societal harm than good. Restricting people’s access to work, education, public transport and social life based on COVID-19 vaccination status impinges on human rights, promotes stigma and social polarisation, and adversely affects health and well-being. Current policies may lead to a widening of health and economic inequalities, detrimental long-term impacts on trust in government and scientific institutions, and reduce the uptake of future public health measures, including COVID-19 vaccines as well as routine immunisations. Mandating vaccination is one of the most powerful interventions in public health and should be used sparingly and carefully to uphold ethical norms and trust in institutions. We argue that current COVID-19 vaccine policies should be re-evaluated in light of the negative consequences that we outline. Leveraging empowering strategies based on trust and public consultation, and improving healthcare services and infrastructure, represent a more sustainable approach to optimising COVID-19 vaccination programmes and, more broadly, the health and well-being of the public.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good

et al. 2022

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“…The estimated protection is in line with the VE results estimated in the US for a similar study period and time from the vaccine. 3,4 It is somewhat higher than that reported by the CDC, 5 possibly due to waning immunity, since more time had passed since vaccination in the CDC study. Our analysis further shows that a recent booster dose in adolescents decreased infections by ≈3-4 fold compared to the internal control, which is similar to estimates from the US.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Ofra Amir Ϯ1 , Yair Goldberg Ϯ1* , Micha Mandel 2 , Yinon M. Bar-On 3 , Omri Bodenheimer 4 , Laurence Freedman 5 , Nachman Ash 4,5 , Sharon Alroy-Preis 4 , Amit Huppert &6,7 , Ron Milo &3 1 Technion -Israel Institute of Technology, Israel 2 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel…”

Section: Supplementary Appendix Initial Protection Against Omicron In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial protection against Omicron in children and adolescents by BNT162b2

Amir

Goldberg

Mandel

et al. 2022

Preprint

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BACKGROUND The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) 2-dose vaccine for children and the BNT162b2 3rd dose for adolescents were approved shortly before the Omicron outbreak in Israel. The effects of these vaccines on the rates of Omicron confirmed infection are not yet clear. METHODS We extracted data for the Omicron-dominated (sub-lineage BA.1) period December 26, 2021 through January 8, 2022. We compared rates of confirmed Covid-19 infection between children 5-10 years old 14-35 days after receiving the 2nd dose to an internal control group of children 3-7 days after receiving the 1st dose (when the vaccine is not yet effective). Similarly, we compared confirmed infection rates in adolescents 12-15 years old 14-60 days after receiving a booster dose to an internal control group of adolescents 3-7 days after receiving the booster dose. We used Poisson regression, adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic status, calendar week, and exposure. RESULTS In the 5-10 age group, the estimated rate of confirmed infection was 2.3 fold (95% CI, 2.0 to 2.5) lower in the 2nd dose group than in the internal control group. In adolescents, the third dose decreased confirmed infection rates by 3.3-fold (95% CI, 2.8 to 4.0). CONCLUSIONS A recent 2-dose BNT162b2 vaccination in children and a recent booster dose in adolescents reduced the rate of confirmed infection compared to the respective internal control groups. Future studies are needed to assess the duration of this protection and protection against other outcomes such as PIMS and long-COVID.

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“…In this case, we defined them as a mixture of mRNA vaccines. Two studies 38,43 evaluated the effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines only among children and adolescents, while the rest of the studies included adults as their participants. Geographically, the included studies were originated from 8 countries/locations: 12 studies were conducted in the United States, 4 studies in Europe, 2 studies in South Africa, 2 studies in Qatar, and 1 study in Canada.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529): A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression

Pratama

Wafa

Budi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: There is a need for evaluation regarding vaccine effectiveness (VE) and the urgency of booster vaccination against Covid-19 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant. Methods: Systematic search was conducted on April 6th, 2022, on databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Scopus). VE difference (VED) estimates were assessed using random-effects model and DerSimonian-Laird tau estimators. Two models result, i.e., within 3 months and within 3 months or more, are compared. VE versus time meta-regression analysis was evaluated using mixed-effects model with Restricted-Maximum Likelihood tau estimators and Hartung-Knapp adjustments. Results: Ad26.COV2.S, BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCov-19, and mRNA-1273 vaccines were included in the analyses. Compared to full dose, booster dose of overall vaccines provided better protection against any (VED=22% (95%CI 15%-29%), p<0.001), severe (VED=20% (95%CI 8%-32%), p=0.001) and symptomatic (VED=22% (95%CI 11%-34%), p<0.001) Omicron infections within 3 months, as well as within 3 months or more (VED=30% (95%CI 24%-37%), p<0.001 for any, VED=18% (95%CI 13%-23%), p<0.001 for severe and VED=37% (95%CI 29%-46%), p<0.001 for symptomatic infections). The meta-regression analysis of overall vaccines revealed that the full dose VE against any and symptomatic Omicron infections were significantly reduced each month by 3.0% (95%CI 0.9%-4.8%, p=0.004) and 5.2% (95%CI 3.3%-7.1%, p=0.006), respectively; whereas booster dose effectiveness against severe and symptomatic Omicron infections were decreased by 3.7% (95%CI 5.1%-12.6%, p=0.030) and 3.9% (95%CI 1.2%-6.5%, p=0.006), respectively. Conclusion: Compared to full dose only, a booster dose addition provides better protection against B.1.1.529 infection. Although the VE estimates of Ad26.COV2.S, BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCov-19, and mRNA-1273 vaccines against B.1.1.529 infection after both full and booster doses are generally moderate, and the booster dose provides excellent protection against severe infection, it is important to note that the VE estimates decline over time, suggesting the need for a regular Covid-19 booster injection after certain period of time to maintain VE.

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Effectiveness of 2-Dose BNT162b2 (Pfizer BioNTech) mRNA Vaccine in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children Aged 5–11 Years and Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years — PROTECT Cohort, July 2021–February 2022

Cited by 157 publications

References 8 publications

The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good

The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good

Initial protection against Omicron in children and adolescents by BNT162b2

Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529): A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression

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