Effectiveness of 3 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infections, January–May 2021, Aragon, Spain

Cura-Bilbao, Alicia del; López-Mendoza, Héctor; Chaure-Pardos, Armando; Vergara-Ugarriza, Alberto; Guimbao-Bescós, Joaquín

doi:10.3201/eid2803.212027

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These observations are consistent with the reduction of neutralizing antibodies against Omicron observed in experimental studies (20,21) and a notable duration of infectious shedding of the Omicron virus in vaccinated persons (22). The protective effect of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Delta-dominant period was consistent with previous reports on the Delta VOC, which had similar but limited results (6,21,(23)(24)(25)(26). However, we could not ascertain if the booster dose was effective for reducing transmission, likely because of the low sample size (only 46 contacts had booster vaccines administered during the Delta-dominant period).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

SARS-CoV-2 Secondary Attack Rates in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Household Contacts during Replacement of Delta with Omicron Variant, Spain

López-Muñoz¹,

Torrella²,

López-Quílez³

et al. 2022

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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T he mass vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 that began at the end of 2020 reduced COVID-19-related mortality and severity in countries where substantial vaccine coverage was achieved (1,2). The vaccines also had a protective effect against the most recent variants (3,4). However, expectations that vaccines would stop community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through herd immunity were quickly dampened by the early observation of infection and re-infection among vaccinated persons; waning vaccine effectiveness against transmission (VET) over time was observed (1,3) and confirmed in a large systematic literature review (5). Despite these results, protective effects of vaccination against infection among contacts have been reported (6). The vaccination status of index case-patients was also shown to play a role (6), underscoring the importance of vaccination for reducing the circulation of SARS-CoV-2. Nonetheless, the emergence of new variants of concern (VOC) with increased infectivity is an ongoing challenge for VET of currently licensed vaccines; early reports have shown a substantially lower VET for the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) compared with previous VOCs (7). Furthermore, rapid replacement of the Delta variant by Omicron (B.1.1.529) began in late 2021; the Omicron variant showed a transmission advantage because of its shorter generation time (S. Abbott et al., unpub. data, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2 022.01.08.22268920v1).Evaluating both variant virulence and SARS-CoV-2 VET under high vaccine coverage levels has major epidemiologic, social, and policy implications. We report the results of an observational study of household contacts of SARS-CoV-2-infected index case-patients during a Delta variant-dominant period from September to December 2021 and an Omicron variant-dominant period during January 2022 in a north-metropolitan area of Barcelona, Spain. We

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

SARS-CoV-2 Secondary Attack Rates in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Household Contacts during Replacement of Delta with Omicron Variant, Spain

López-Muñoz¹,

Torrella²,

López-Quílez³

et al. 2022

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Of the studies reporting in the UK, 14 were conducted specifically in England ( 10 , 13 , 14 , 24 , 42 , 49 , 50 , 53 ), 5 in Scotland ( 54 , 85 , 97 ), and 3 in Wales ( n = 3) ( 18 , 65 ). Other studies were in Israel ( n = 9) ( 15 , 29 , 30 , 39 – 41 , 57 , 74 , 92 ), Italy ( n = 8) ( 11 , 19 , 20 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 63 )), Brazil ( n = 6) ( 23 , 67 , 82 , 93 , 96 ), Malaysia ( n = 4) ( 44 , 76 , 77 ), Spain ( n = 4) ( 31 , 61 , 87 ), Finland ( n = 3) ( 68 , 87 ), South Africa ( n = 3) ( 67 , 82 , 98 ), Canada ( n = 3) ( 27 , 75 , 90 ), France ( n = 2) ( 62 ), Argentina ( n = 2) ( 67 , 82 ), Germany ( n = 2) ( 67 , 82 ), Qatar ( n = 2) ( 25 , 78 ), Sweden ( n = 2) ( 58 ), Hungary ( n = 2) ( 86 ), Turkey ( n = 2) ( 67 , 82 ), Kuwait ( n = 2) ( 8 ), South Korea ( n = 1) ( 47 ...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 for Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, and AstraZeneca vaccines: a systematic review

Reynolds,

Dewey,

Asfour

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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The purpose of this systematic review was to report on the vaccine efficacy (VE) of three SARS-CoV-2 vaccines approved by Health Canada: Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, and AstraZeneca. Four databases were searched for primary publications on population-level VE. Ninety-two publications matched the inclusion criteria, and the extracted data were separated by vaccine type: mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) and the AstraZeneca vaccine. The median VE for PCR-positive patients and various levels of clinical disease was determined for the first and second doses of both vaccine types against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. The median VE for PCR-positive infections against unidentified variants from an mRNA vaccine was 64.5 and 89%, respectively, after one or two doses. The median VE for PCR-positive infections against unidentified variants from the AstraZeneca vaccine was 53.4 and 69.6%, respectively, after one or two doses. The median VE for two doses of mRNA for asymptomatic, symptomatic, and severe infection against unidentified variants was 85.5, 93.2, and 92.2%, respectively. The median VE for two doses of AstraZeneca for asymptomatic, symptomatic, and severe infection against unidentified variants was 69.7, 71, and 90.2%, respectively. Vaccine efficacy numerically increased from the first to the second dose, increased from the first 2 weeks to the second 2 weeks post-vaccination for both doses, but decreased after 4 months from the second dose. Vaccine efficacy did not differ by person's age.

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“…Effectiveness of primary ChAdOx-S/nCoV-19 series coupled with mRNA booster is limited because some countries suspended use of ChAdOx-S/ nCoV-19 because of thromboembolic concerns (5,6). However, our study provides real-world insights into effectiveness of mRNA booster after primary homologous and heterologous ChAdOx-s/nCoV-19 regimens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Effectiveness of Booster and Influenza Vaccines against COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers, Taiwan

Sim¹,

Wu²,

Cheng³

et al. 2022

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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into ghettos. The city of Lviv in western Ukraine was a center for typhus vaccine research, especially through the work of Fleck and Weigl (3). Ukraine now has an estimated 1.8 million persons >80 years of age (4), some of whom may have contracted R. prowazekii infection during the 1940s and are at risk for Brill-Zinsser disease. Body louse infestations among refugee and sheltering populations, living in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions because of war, may trigger epidemics of R. prowazekii infection. A further risk for these populations is infection with Bartonella quintana bacteria, the cause of trench fever, that is also transmitted by body lice.The public health services of Ukraine and the Eastern Europe region face multiple threats. Does the current epidemic typhus risk warrant timely surveillance to curtail outbreaks? Public health organizations, including and organizations caring for refugees, might consider sending body lice specimens collected from patients for R. prowazekii PCR testing (a list of laboratories that can perform this test is available from the authors) to give early warning of outbreaks. When body lice are detected, these organizations could consider community treatment, including delousing and the administration of ivermectin (1,5) and doxycycline, while assays are performed.Because PCR testing and tetracycline drugs are now available, we can respond in such dire circumstances to prevent R. prowazekii outbreaks before they occur. Public health officials could institute a system analogous to that for surveillance and control of plague and fleas. We now have the tools and treatments that can make it possible to avert and mitigate epidemic typhus outbreaks. P.N. Newton is funded by the Wellcome Trust.

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Effectiveness of 3 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infections, January–May 2021, Aragon, Spain

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

SARS-CoV-2 Secondary Attack Rates in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Household Contacts during Replacement of Delta with Omicron Variant, Spain

SARS-CoV-2 Secondary Attack Rates in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Household Contacts during Replacement of Delta with Omicron Variant, Spain

Vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 for Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, and AstraZeneca vaccines: a systematic review

Effectiveness of Booster and Influenza Vaccines against COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers, Taiwan

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