Effectiveness of a diabetes mellitus pictorial diary handbook program for middle-aged and elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a quasi-experimental study at Taladnoi Primary Care Unit, Saraburi, Thailand

Abstract

AimThe research question is “How does a diabetes mellitus (DM) pictorial diary handbook (PDHB) affect the knowledge, practice, and HbA1c among patients with DM type 2?” The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a PDHB program among middle-aged and elderly patients with DM type 2 in primary care units in Thailand.Patients and methodsA quasi-experimental study design was applied. DM type 2 patients were recruited in the PDHB program by a simple random sampling method. The 3-month program consisted of a weekly health education structured for ~20 minutes, a 15-minute group activity training, a 10-minute individual record of participants’ knowledge and practice regarding diet control, exercise, oral hypoglycemic drug taking, diet, self-care, alcohol consumption, smoking, weight management, and HbA1c, and a 15- to 30-minute home visit as well as the PDHB for recording self-care behavior daily. The control group received only the usual diabetes care. The primary expected outcomes were changes in HbA1c from the baseline data to 3 months after the program compared between the intervention and control groups. The secondary expected outcomes were compared within the intervention group. The third expected outcomes were changes in the mean score of knowledge and practice from baseline to 3 months after the program within and between the intervention and control groups.ResultsCompared with the baseline data, there was no significant difference in HbA1c, knowledge, and practice mean score between the intervention and control groups. However, there was a significant difference in HbA1c, knowledge, and practice mean score in the intervention group after they received a 3-month PDHB program and within the intervention group (p-value =0.00).ConclusionThe PDHB program was effective in lowering HbA1c while also improving the mean score of knowledge and practice among elderly patients with DM type 2. However, larger and longer trial studies will be needed to evaluate the sustainability of this program.

Association Between Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes Using the International Physical Activity Questionnaires: A Case-Control Study at a Health Promoting Hospital in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand

“…In Thailand, for example, brief group cognitive behavioral therapy and pictorial diary handbook programs have been shown to be effective for patients with T2DM. 47 , 48 This continuous support for patients with T2DM between district hospitals and PCUs could be effective to maintain their health and healthy lifestyles, including PA.…”

Effect of glycosylated hemoglobin protein molecule in treating diabetes

“…Second, glycosylated hemoglobin >9% indicates persistent high blood sugar. There will be complications such as diabetic nephropathy, arteriosclerosis and cataract in this case, and it is also a high-risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke death (7)(8). Next, the detection of glycosylated hemoglobin can serve as guidance for protocol adjustment.…”

Potential Methods to Improve Self-management in Those with Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review

“…Other clinical outcomes reported to be expected in the patient were controlled blood pressure (22,26,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35), controlled FBG (34,36), body mass index (BMI) (26,30,31,34,35); lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) (22,36), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (22), and total cholesterol (31). Some studies have also reported secondary outcomes, including patients' knowledge (20,21,24,30,34,37,38), self-efficacy (21,22,24,34,36,(39)(40)(41), habits (20,42,43), physical activity (22,24,34,40,41), ability to follow the diet (20,22,34,44,45), smoking (21,…”

“…Other clinical outcomes reported to be expected in the patient were controlled blood pressure ( 22 , 26 , 30 - 35 ), controlled FBG ( 34 , 36 ), body mass index (BMI) ( 26 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 35 ); low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ( 22 , 36 ), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ( 22 ), and total cholesterol ( 31 ). Some studies have also reported secondary outcomes, including patients’ knowledge ( 20 , 21 , 24 , 30 , 34 , 37 , 38 ), self-efficacy ( 21 , 22 , 24 , 34 , 36 , 39 - 41 ), habits ( 20 , 42 , 43 ), physical activity ( 22 , 24 , 34 , 40 , 41 ), ability to follow the diet ( 20 , 22 , 34 , 44 , 45 ), smoking ( 21 , 45 ), changes in medical treatment ( 31 , 35 , 42 , 44 , 46 ), self-management support ( 38 , 44 , 47 - 49 ), waist circumference ( 30 - 32 ), and healthy behavior ( 20 , 21 , 2...…”