28"Oil-polluted sediment bioremediation depends on both physicochemical and 29" biological parameters, but the effect of the latter cannot be evaluated without the optimization 30" of the former. We aimed in optimizing the physicochemical parameters related to 31" biodegradation by applying an ex-situ landfarming set-up combined with biostimulation to 32" oil-polluted sediment, in order to determine the added effect of bioaugmentation by four 33" allochthonous oil-degrading bacterial consortia in relation to the degradation efficiency of the 34" indigenous community. We monitored hydrocarbon degradation, sediment ecotoxicity and
35"hydrolytic activity, bacterial population sizes and bacterial community dynamics,
36"characterizing the dominant taxa through time and at each treatment. We observed no 37" significant differences in total degradation, but increased ecotoxicity between the different 38" treatments receiving both biostimulation and bioaugmentation and the biostimulated-only 39" control. Moreover, the added allochthonous bacteria quickly perished and were rarely 40" detected, their addition inducing minimal shifts in community structure although it altered the 41" distribution of the residual hydrocarbons in two treatments. Therefore, we concluded that 42" biodegradation was mostly performed by the autochthonous populations while 43" bioaugmentation, in contrast to biostimulation, did not enhance the remediation process. Our 44" results indicate that when environmental conditions are optimized, the indigenous 45" microbiome at a polluted site will likely outperform any allochthonous consortium.
46"47"