Abstract:BackgroundSmartphones are ideal for promoting physical activity in those with little intrinsic motivation for exercise. This study tested three hypotheses: H1 – receipt of social feedback generates higher step-counts than receipt of no feedback; H2 – receipt of social feedback generates higher step-counts than only receiving feedback on one’s own walking; H3 – receipt of feedback on one’s own walking generates higher step-counts than no feedback (H3).MethodsA parallel group randomised controlled trial measured… Show more
“…Two studies were at high risk of selection bias caused by the method of sequence generation. Harries et al [40] listed participants in the order of recruitment, and each third participant was allocated to one of the three groups. Paul et al [46] assigned the first eight participants to the intervention group, then four to the control group, eight to the intervention group and the final four to the control group.Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Three studies were rated as high risk of bias for allocation concealment [40, 46, 50]. One study used quasi-random assignment [49], and two studies allocated participants based on the order of recruitment [40, 46].…”
BackgroundWorldwide physical activity levels of adults are declining, which is associated with increased chronic disease risk. Wearables and smartphone applications offer new opportunities to change physical activity behaviour. This systematic review summarizes the evidence regarding the effect of wearables and smartphone applications on promoting physical activity.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for RCTs, published since January 2008, on wearables and smartphone applications to promote physical activity. Studies were excluded when the study population consisted of children or adolescents, the intervention did not promote physical activity or comprised a minor part of the intervention, or the intervention was Internet-based and not accessible by smartphone. Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane collaboration tool. The primary outcome was changed in physical activity level. Meta-analyses were performed to assess the pooled effect on (moderate-to-vigorous) physical activity in minutes per day and daily step count.ResultsEighteen RCTs were included. Use of wearables and smartphone applications led to a small to moderate increase in physical activity in minutes per day (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.82; I2 = 85%) and a moderate increase in daily step count (SMD = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.91; I2 = 90%). When removing studies with an unclear or high risk of bias, intervention effects improved and statistical heterogeneity was removed.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis showed a small to moderate effect of physical activity interventions comprising wearables and smartphone applications on physical activity. Hence, wearables and smartphone applications are likely to bring new opportunities in delivering tailored interventions to increase levels of physical activity.
“…Two studies were at high risk of selection bias caused by the method of sequence generation. Harries et al [40] listed participants in the order of recruitment, and each third participant was allocated to one of the three groups. Paul et al [46] assigned the first eight participants to the intervention group, then four to the control group, eight to the intervention group and the final four to the control group.Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Three studies were rated as high risk of bias for allocation concealment [40, 46, 50]. One study used quasi-random assignment [49], and two studies allocated participants based on the order of recruitment [40, 46].…”
BackgroundWorldwide physical activity levels of adults are declining, which is associated with increased chronic disease risk. Wearables and smartphone applications offer new opportunities to change physical activity behaviour. This systematic review summarizes the evidence regarding the effect of wearables and smartphone applications on promoting physical activity.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for RCTs, published since January 2008, on wearables and smartphone applications to promote physical activity. Studies were excluded when the study population consisted of children or adolescents, the intervention did not promote physical activity or comprised a minor part of the intervention, or the intervention was Internet-based and not accessible by smartphone. Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane collaboration tool. The primary outcome was changed in physical activity level. Meta-analyses were performed to assess the pooled effect on (moderate-to-vigorous) physical activity in minutes per day and daily step count.ResultsEighteen RCTs were included. Use of wearables and smartphone applications led to a small to moderate increase in physical activity in minutes per day (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.82; I2 = 85%) and a moderate increase in daily step count (SMD = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.91; I2 = 90%). When removing studies with an unclear or high risk of bias, intervention effects improved and statistical heterogeneity was removed.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis showed a small to moderate effect of physical activity interventions comprising wearables and smartphone applications on physical activity. Hence, wearables and smartphone applications are likely to bring new opportunities in delivering tailored interventions to increase levels of physical activity.
“…Of the studies, 78.0% (n = 32/41) analyzed feedback, considered in a multitude of forms, with some studies using more than one form. Feedback was represented as bar graphs and a virtual map [98,[116][117][118][119][120]; audio feedback from virtual trainers [77]; illustrations through avatars [17,55,59,75,121,[123][124][125]127]; tailored text and email messages [94,[128][129][130]; real time, self-monitoring, receiving reminders, GPS tracking, tempo of music, and biofeedback [18,19,54,77,86,89,98,119,120,122,123,126,128,[131][132][133][134][135].…”
Background Literature shows mixed evidence about the power of mobile phone applications to foster physical activity. A systematic integration that offers insights into which mobile phone application techniques can or cannot foster physical activity is lacking, as is a theoretical integration of current research. Objectives We performed a systematic review guided by a theoretical framework focusing on effects that certain mobile phone application techniques have on physical activity, to improve our understanding of what techniques are more or less effective.
“…The functionality and content of the current app and telerehabilitation services in C4S can be expanded. It would be interesting to implement incentives after practice, for example, using text messages or social media to give feedback and a type of reward for patients and caregivers (Harries et al, 2016; Hartin et al, 2016; Jagos et al, 2015). Evaluation and monitoring with built‐in questionnaires or rating scales could be used to monitor difficulty of the exercises, fatigue of the patient, or strain of the caregiver using experience sampling methods (Rickard, Arjmand, Bakker, & Seabrook, 2016).…”
BackgroundIntensity of practice and task and context specificity are key factors for improving functional outcome in stroke survivors. Novel methods are needed to augment intensity of practice with minimal use of resources and costs. Caregiver‐mediated exercises (CMEs) focused on mobility, in which a caregiver acts as an exercise coach and can increase the intensity of practice. There is preliminary evidence that CME can improve functional outcome, reduce length of stay, and allow early supported discharge, without an increase in caregiver burden. In the CARE4STROKE programme (C4S), CME therapy and e‐health support are combined to promote a smoother transition from the inpatient setting to the home environment, with active rehabilitation continuing in the community.The objective of this paper is to describe the content of the C4S intervention in detail and explain implementation of this intervention in practice using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist.MethodsContent, timing and intensity of the programme, participant screening and selection, and intervention procedures were described using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist. Mobility exercises and use of a video application on tablet/smartphone are explained. The role of the caregiver as provider of the intervention is illustrated.DiscussionC4S prescribes an additional exercise dose of 1,200 min and may be a promising novel and effective method to augment the pallet of therapeutic options for stroke rehabilitation. Important aspects for successful implementation are availability and suitability of a caregiver. Suggestions for additional use of e‐health technology are described.Implications for physiotherapy practiceThe presented description of C4S gives physical therapists practical guidelines to facilitate implementation of the CME intervention.
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