Aims-This study examined gender differences among treatment-seeking cocaine dependent outpatients (e.g., on demographics, psychopathology, and substance abuse).Participants-Participants were 2,376 adults with cocaine dependence entering a multisite randomized controlled trial of psychosocial therapies.Findings-Women, compared to men, had less severe lifetime substance use problems but a higher pattern of psychiatric, medical, social/family, and employment problems; they also had more positive expectations and opinions about treatment.Conclusions-Women may be willing to engage in treatment but may have challenging economic and psychosocial concerns over and above their addiction.