Effectiveness of antibacterial agents against cell-invading bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae

Abstract

Background Recurrent tonsillitis is one of the most common otolaryngological disorders caused by cell-invading bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and Haemophilus influenzae. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antibacterial agents against cell-invading bacteria. Methods The intracellular invasion of Detroit 562 cells by five strains of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and four strains of S. pyogenes was investigated. The antibacterial agents used were garenoxacin (GRNX), clarithromycin (CAM), amoxicillin (AMPC), cefditoren pivoxil (CDTR-PI), and levofloxacin (LVFX). Results Both NTHi and S. pyogenes fully invaded Detroit 562 cells in 6 h and were less sensitive to CAM. GRNX, CAM, and LVFX were effective against bacteria invading the cells, but AMPC and CDTR-PI were not effective. GRNX was the most effective. Conclusion GRNX was the most effective agent against bacteria invading cells.

Correlation between Drug Resistance of Klebsiella Pneumonia and Antimicrobial Drug Usage

“…As reported by the 2017 China Bacterial Resistance Surveillance Network, the resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to imipenem and meropenem increased from 3.0% and 2.9% in 2005 to 20.9% and 24.0% in 2017, respectively [ 5 , 6 ]. Antibacterial agents refer to products obtained from microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in culture and also include various antibiotics, sulfonamides, imidazoles, nitroimidazoles, quinolones, and other chemically synthesized drugs [ 7 ]. Antimicrobial drugs have inhibitory and killing effects on pathogens at certain concentrations and are widely used in clinical practice [ 8 ].…”

Solar Photodegradation of a Novel des-F(6)-Fluoroquinolone, Garenoxacin, and Ecotoxicity of Its Phototransformation Products

“…Garenoxacin (GRNX) is a new des-6-fluoroquinolone antibiotic with potent activity for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, which can effectively overcome the resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQs) in S. pneumoniae. , It was first developed and marketed in Japan and was later approved for marketing in China in 2019. With the frequent occurrence of respiratory diseases, the use of GRNX is expected to grow quickly, which will inevitably cause its release into natural water bodies. , It has been reported that the low metabolization and absorption of GRNX in the body render most of it excreted in the original active form, along with some metabolites. , The accumulation of antibiotics, even at low levels, can cause a range of problems, such as promoting the emergence and development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), , posing toxic effects on aquatic organisms and inhibiting the growth of phototrophs, and inducing immunosuppression through alterations of intestinal microbiota .…”

“…Garenoxacin (GRNX) is a new des-6-fluoroquinolone antibiotic with potent activity for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, which can effectively overcome the resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQs) in S. pneumoniae. 1,2 It was first developed and marketed in Japan and was later approved for marketing in China in 2019. With the frequent occurrence of respiratory diseases, the use of GRNX is expected to grow quickly, which will inevitably cause its release into natural water bodies.…”