Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as an SO<sub><i>X</i></sub> sorbent in coal combustion

Levendis, Yiannis A.; Zhu, Wenqi; Wise, Donald L.; Simons, Girard A.

doi:10.1002/aic.690390505

Cited by 48 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Finally, the presence of CO, in the furnace gas did not impede sulfation of the sorbents. The SO, reduction efficiency at 4-s residence time was comparable to that measured by Levendis et al (1993) using CMA at Ca/S = 2 in atmospheres containing 500 ppm SO, and 10 to 14% 0,. The NO, reduction efficiencies measured here at an overall fuel-to-oxidizer equivalence ratio 4 of 1.3 fell between those measured by Steciak et al (1994a) in atmospheres with 500 ppm NO and 4~0 .…”

supporting

confidence: 55%

“…Previous work (Levendis et al, 1993) demonstrated the superior SO, sorption efficiency of CMA compared at the same molar Ca/S ratio to other sorbents including Ca(OH),, CaCO,, and calcium acetate (CA) (for example, CMA was 30 to 40% more effective in sulfur capture than Ca(OH),, CaCO,, and CA), and the superior NO, reduction efficiency of CMA compared to CA and calcium benzoate (CB) (Steciak et al, 1994a). This work presents the efficacy of CMA in simultaneously removing SO, and NO,.…”

Section: Aiche Journal March 1995mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The organic acetate further decomposes into hydrocarbon radicals that in an oxygen-lean atmosphere can reduce NO, to N,. The cenospheric oxide residues remain for heterogeneous sorption of SO, (Levendis et al, 1993). The cenospheres' wall porosity is about 70% and the pore surface area is = 27 m2/g when calcination takes place at 950°C during a 4 s residence time.…”

Section: Aiche Journal March 1995mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The laboratory apparatus (Levendis et al, 1993; Brass Flange - couple. The centerline gas temperature was mapped in the radiation cavity with an aspirated type S thermocouple and in the post-furnace quenching zone by type K thermocouples.…”

Section: Experimental Apparatus and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO₂ ‐NO_x emission Control Agent

Steciak

Levendis

Wise³

1995

AIChE Journal

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supporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Aiche Journal March 1995mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aiche Journal March 1995mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Apparatus and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO₂ ‐NO_x emission Control Agent

Steciak

Levendis

Wise³

1995

AIChE Journal

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“…[19][20][21][22] Such sorbents included calcium formate (CF) and calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), among others. The organic fraction of the carboxylic salts decomposes into hydrocarbon fragments, at ~400 ºC, that eventually react with oxygen at higher temperatures and, thereby, generate an oxygen-lean atmosphere.…”

Section: Results From Laboratory Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economics of an Integrated Approach to Control SO₂, NO_x, HCl, and Particulate Emissions from Power Plants

Shemwell

Ergut

Levendis

2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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An integrated approach for the simultaneous reduction of major combustion-generated pollutants from power plants is presented along with a simplified economic analysis. With this technology, the synergistic effects of high-temperature sorbent/coal or sorbent/natural gas injection and high-temperature flue gas filtration are exploited. Calcium-based (or Na-based, etc.) sorbents are sprayed in the post-flame zone of a furnace, where they react with S-and Cl-containing gases to form stable salts of Ca (or Na, etc.). The partially reacted sorbent is then collected in a high-temperature ceramic filter, which is placed downstream of the sorbent injection point, where it further reacts for a prolonged period of time. With this technique, both the likelihood of contact and the length of time of contact between the solid sorbent particles and the gaseous pollutants increase, because reaction takes place both in the furnace upstream of the filter and inside the filter itself. Hence, the sorbent utilization increases significantly.Several pollutants, such as SO 2 , H 2 S, HCl, and particulate (soot, ash, and tar), may be partially removed from the effluent. The organic content of the sorbents (or blends) also pyrolyzes and reduces NO x . Unburned carbon in the ash may be completely oxidized in the filter. The filter is cleaned periodically with aerodynamic regeneration (back pulsing) without interrupting furnace operation. The effectiveness of this technique has been shown in laboratory-scale experiments using either rather costly carboxylic salts of Ca or low-to moderate-cost blends of limestone, lime, or sodium bicarbonate with coal fines.Injection occurred in the furnace at 1150 ºC, while the filter was maintained at 600 ºC. Results showed that 65 or 40% SO 2 removal was obtained with calcium formate or a limestone/coal blend, respectively, at an entering calciumto-sulfur molar ratio of 2. A sodium bicarbonate/coal blend resulted in 78% SO 2 removal at a sodium-to-sulfur molar ratio of 2. HCl removal efficiencies have been shown to be higher than those for SO 2 . NO x reductions of 40% have been observed with a fuel (coal)-to-air equivalence ratio, φ, around 2. The filter has been shown to be 97-99% efficient in removing PM 2.5 particulates. Calculations herein show that this integrated sorbent/filter method is costeffective, in comparison with current technologies, on both capital cost ($/kW) and levelized cost ($/ton pollutant removed) bases, if a limestone/coal mixture is used as the sorbent for fossil fuel plants.Capital costs for the filter/sorbent combination are estimated to be in the range of $61-$105/kW for a new plant. Because current technologies are designed for removing one pollutant at a time, both their cost and space requirements are higher than those of this integrated technique. At the minimum projected removal efficiencies for HCl/SO 2 /NO x of about 40%, the levelized costs are projected to be $203-$261/ton of combined pollutant SO 2 /HCl/NO x and particulates removed from coalfired power pla...

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Investigation of the Conditions for the Production of Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) Road Deicer in an Extractive Crystallization Process

Dionysiou

Tsianou

Botsaris

2000

Cryst. Res. Technol.

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Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is considered as the best road deicer to replace the environmentally unacceptable NaCl and CaCl2. However, the high cost of CMA prohibits its widespread use. The present study is dealing with the investigation of a crystallization method for the production of deicing CMA crystals of desired physical properties and the elucidation of the conditions under which such a product can be formed. Extractive crystallization is promising for the low cost production of CMA crystals considering that acetic acid is produced by a biochemical method and removed from the fermentation broth in situ by organic extractant systems. In this method, this organic phase, which contains the acetate ions is contacted with an aqueous phase which is the source of calcium and magnesium ions. The extractive crystallization process resulted in the production of well‐formed, large, and non‐spherical crystals of calcium acetate (CA), magnesium acetate (MA), and calcium magnesium acetate double salt (CMADS). The crystal size was affected by the concentration of acetic acid in both the organic and aqueous phases, whereas the crystal type and hydration level were determined primarily by the acetic acid concentration in the aqueous phase. The molar ratio of the precursor salts (CaCO3/MgCO3) in the reaction mixture was found to be the major factor for determining the habit and Ca/Mg content of crystals. Crystallization of CMADS was favored at high concentrations of acetic acid in the aqueous phase and at higher temperatures as shown from supplementary evaporation‐to‐dryness experiments.

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Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as an SO_X sorbent in coal combustion

Cited by 48 publications

References 33 publications

Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO₂ ‐NO_x emission Control Agent

Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO₂ ‐NO_x emission Control Agent

Economics of an Integrated Approach to Control SO₂, NO_x, HCl, and Particulate Emissions from Power Plants

Investigation of the Conditions for the Production of Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) Road Deicer in an Extractive Crystallization Process

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Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as an SOX sorbent in coal combustion

Cited by 48 publications

References 33 publications

Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO2 ‐NOx emission Control Agent

Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO2 ‐NOx emission Control Agent

Economics of an Integrated Approach to Control SO2, NOx, HCl, and Particulate Emissions from Power Plants

Investigation of the Conditions for the Production of Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) Road Deicer in an Extractive Crystallization Process

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as an SO_X sorbent in coal combustion

Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO₂ ‐NO_x emission Control Agent

Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO₂ ‐NO_x emission Control Agent

Economics of an Integrated Approach to Control SO₂, NO_x, HCl, and Particulate Emissions from Power Plants