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SUMMARYThe effect of climate on dairy and beef cattle is variable and complex because it affects the environment in which the animals are raised and reproduced. Its influence on animal welfare and production have been recognized and studied since 1950's. Climate affects livestock directly and indirectly, since it modifies the quality and/or quantity of food available, the requirements of water and energy, and the amount of energy consumed and the use of it. The animals cope with these adverse conditions of climate by altering physiological and behavioral mechanisms in order to maintain their body temperature within a normal range. As a result it is possible to observe changes in the food intake, behavior and productivity. These changes are magnified under extreme conditions of heat or cold, implying drastic reductions in the indices of production, such as average daily gain and daily milk production. Most of the research conducted in this area has been done mainly in controlled environmental chambers, with emphasis on the animal response and its productivity. Currently, the major scientific focus is on the development of thermal stress indices as practical tools for cattle handling under unfavorable environmental conditions. The objectives of this review are to describe and discuss the most important climatic factors affecting cattle performance as well as the major mitigation alternatives. It also presents a brief overview of the research carried out in Chile and possible lines of research in this field.Palabras clave: estrés, ganado de leche y carne, bienestar animal, factores climáticos. INTRODUCCIONAlgunos de los principales resultados de la actividad antropogénica han sido el incremento de los niveles atmosféricos de CO 2 , las alteraciones de las propiedades biológicas y químicas del suelo, así como el continuo uso y cambio de uso de la tierra (Vitousek 1994). En su conjunto estos hechos han provocado cambios climáticos a través del planeta aumentando las temperaturas mínimas y máximas para el período 1951 -1990 (Karl y col 1993. Esta asimetría entre mínimas y máximas ha sido detectada a través de todas las estaciones del año en el planeta, particularmente en las regiones del hemisferio norte. Asimismo, diversos modelos climáticos pronostican cambios en el clima del mundo, con un aumento en la concentración de CO 2 atmosférico, incrementos de temperaturas y cambios en la distribución de las precipitaciones (Klohn y Faurès 2006). Las estimaciones de incremento en la temperatura superficial media global son de un rango de 1,5 a 4,5 °C (Khalifa 2003). Todo esto tendría profundos efectos en la producción agropecuaria y de alimentos tanto para los animales como para el ser humano. Schimmelpfennig y col (1996) reportaron la existencia de numerosos informes que indican potenciales daños a los animales en función de los cambios de clima proyectados. El efecto del clima en la producción animal ha sido estudiado desde hace aproximadamente medio siglo, lográndose importantes avances en el entendimiento de los aspec...
SUMMARYThe effect of climate on dairy and beef cattle is variable and complex because it affects the environment in which the animals are raised and reproduced. Its influence on animal welfare and production have been recognized and studied since 1950's. Climate affects livestock directly and indirectly, since it modifies the quality and/or quantity of food available, the requirements of water and energy, and the amount of energy consumed and the use of it. The animals cope with these adverse conditions of climate by altering physiological and behavioral mechanisms in order to maintain their body temperature within a normal range. As a result it is possible to observe changes in the food intake, behavior and productivity. These changes are magnified under extreme conditions of heat or cold, implying drastic reductions in the indices of production, such as average daily gain and daily milk production. Most of the research conducted in this area has been done mainly in controlled environmental chambers, with emphasis on the animal response and its productivity. Currently, the major scientific focus is on the development of thermal stress indices as practical tools for cattle handling under unfavorable environmental conditions. The objectives of this review are to describe and discuss the most important climatic factors affecting cattle performance as well as the major mitigation alternatives. It also presents a brief overview of the research carried out in Chile and possible lines of research in this field.Palabras clave: estrés, ganado de leche y carne, bienestar animal, factores climáticos. INTRODUCCIONAlgunos de los principales resultados de la actividad antropogénica han sido el incremento de los niveles atmosféricos de CO 2 , las alteraciones de las propiedades biológicas y químicas del suelo, así como el continuo uso y cambio de uso de la tierra (Vitousek 1994). En su conjunto estos hechos han provocado cambios climáticos a través del planeta aumentando las temperaturas mínimas y máximas para el período 1951 -1990 (Karl y col 1993. Esta asimetría entre mínimas y máximas ha sido detectada a través de todas las estaciones del año en el planeta, particularmente en las regiones del hemisferio norte. Asimismo, diversos modelos climáticos pronostican cambios en el clima del mundo, con un aumento en la concentración de CO 2 atmosférico, incrementos de temperaturas y cambios en la distribución de las precipitaciones (Klohn y Faurès 2006). Las estimaciones de incremento en la temperatura superficial media global son de un rango de 1,5 a 4,5 °C (Khalifa 2003). Todo esto tendría profundos efectos en la producción agropecuaria y de alimentos tanto para los animales como para el ser humano. Schimmelpfennig y col (1996) reportaron la existencia de numerosos informes que indican potenciales daños a los animales en función de los cambios de clima proyectados. El efecto del clima en la producción animal ha sido estudiado desde hace aproximadamente medio siglo, lográndose importantes avances en el entendimiento de los aspec...
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