“…The first commercially available tissues included skin substitutes and cartilage replacements (Chung and Burdick, 2008;Priya et al, 2008;Jaklenec et al, 2012). More recently, bladder analogs (Atala et al, 2006) and urethral segments (Atala et al, 1999;El-Kassaby et al, 2003;Raya-Rivera et al, 2011) have been successfully implanted into patients, and artificial blood vessels (Shin'oka et al, 2001;L'Heureux et al, 2007;McAllister et al, 2009;Olausson et al, 2012), trachea (Macchiarini et al, 2008;Baiguera et al, 2010), and corneal tissue (Griffith et al, 2009) have reached clinical trials. In contrast, attempts to fabricate larger functional organs that have more complex cellular organization, such as liver, heart, and kidney, have been unsuccessful (Badylak et al, 2012).…”