Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination against bacterial pneumonia in Colombia

Hoz, Fernando de la; Higuera, Ana Betty; Fabio, José Luis Di; Luna, Mauricio; Naranjo, Alberto Gómez; Valencia, María de la Luz; Pastor, Desireé; Hall, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.05.017

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…2004). In Colombia, effectiveness of 1, 2, and 3 doses against culture‐negative radiologically‐confirmed pneumonia was 47%, 52%, and 55%, respectively (de la Hoz et al. 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine is highly effective in the Ugandan routine immunization program: a case–control study

Lee

Lewis

Makumbi

et al. 2008

Tropical Med Int Health

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Summaryobjective To study the effectiveness of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination program in Uganda.methods Case-control study of Hib vaccine effectiveness against Hib meningitis. Cases were children hospitalized with Hib meningitis confirmed by culture and ⁄ or latex agglutination. Cases were identified retrospectively from July 2002 to July 2004, and prospectively from July 2004 to July 2005. Each casepatient was matched by age to three neighbourhood and three hospital controls; all children were eligible to receive Hib vaccine through the routine schedule. Vaccine effectiveness was evaluated by conditional logistic regression, controlling for confounding variables.results We enrolled 41 cases; their median age was 6 months. Only six (15%) cases, all HIV-negative, had received ‡2 doses of Hib vaccine, compared with 64% of neighbourhood controls and 70% of hospital controls. Controlling for maternal education, the only variable which remained in the multivariable model, vaccine effectiveness for two or three doses vs. no dose was 99% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 92-100%] and 96% (95% CI 80-100%) when cases were compared with neighbourhood and hospital controls, respectively.

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“…2004). In Colombia, effectiveness of 1, 2, and 3 doses against culture‐negative radiologically‐confirmed pneumonia was 47%, 52%, and 55%, respectively (de la Hoz et al. 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine is highly effective in the Ugandan routine immunization program: a case–control study

Lee

Lewis

Makumbi

et al. 2008

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…This study was designed to detect a VE of 20% for radiologically-confirmed pneumonia with 2 or more doses of Hib conjugate vaccine. 19,20 Using alpha error of 0.05, power of 80%, 50% pentavalent vaccine coverage, and correlation coefficient for vaccination between matched cases and controls of 0.20, we estimated needing 960 cases with 3 hospital controls and 839 cases with 5 neighborhood controls. The target enrollment was 960 cases.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccine on Radiologically-Confirmed Pneumonia in Young Children in Pakistan

Khowaja

Mohiuddin

Cohen

et al. 2013

The Journal of Pediatrics

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Objective The effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in preventing severe pneumonia in Asian children has been questioned, and many large Asian countries yet to introduce Hib conjugate vaccine in immunization programs. The primary objective of this study was to assess Hib conjugate vaccine effectiveness (VE) on radiologically-confirmed pneumonia in children born after introduction of Hib conjugate vaccine in Pakistan. Study design A matched case-control study enrolled cases of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia in several hospitals serving low-income populations during 2009–2011. Cases were matched by age and season with 3 hospital and 5 neighborhood controls. Pneumonia was diagnosed using standardized World Health Organization criteria for chest radiograph interpretation. Matched OR were estimated for VE. Results A total of 1027 children with radiologically-confirmed pneumonia were enrolled; 975 cases, 2925 hospital controls, and 4875 neighborhood controls were analyzed. The coverage for 3 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-hepatitis B-Hib conjugate vaccine was 13.7%, 18%, and 22.7% in cases, hospital controls and neighborhood controls, respectively. Estimated Hib VE for radiologically-confirmed pneumonia was 62% with 3 doses of vaccine using hospital controls and 70% using neighborhood controls. Conclusions Hib conjugate vaccine prevented a significant fraction of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia in children in Pakistan. Maximizing impact on child survival needs improved immunization coverage.

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“…The H. influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine has been available for almost 20 years and is highly effective in both high and low income settings [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Hib reduces the incidence of bacteraemic pneumonia by more than 80% and radiologically confirmed pneumonia by 22-55% in immunocompetent children [46,47,54].…”

Section: Immunisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hib reduces the incidence of bacteraemic pneumonia by more than 80% and radiologically confirmed pneumonia by 22-55% in immunocompetent children [46,47,54]. In addition the vaccine reduces asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage protecting unvaccinated people through development of herd immunity [55][56][57].…”

Section: Immunisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Pneumonia in Low and Middle Income Countries: Burden, Prevention and Management

Gray¹,

Zar²

2010

TOIDJ

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Abstract:Background: Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age worldwide. The burden of childhood pneumonia occurs predominantly in low or middle income countries. Despite recent advances in management and preventative strategies, high rates of treatment failure and case fatality continue to occur in children in such countries.Aim: To review the current evidence on the epidemiology and management of childhood pneumonia in low and middle income countriesMethods: Direct search of Medline database from 1995 to date through Pubmed was conducted. Search terms included: (pneumonia OR lower respiratory tract infections OR lower respiratory infections OR ARI) AND child. Search was restricted to English articles. In addition reference lists of selected studies were reviewed for relevant information.Findings: Major findings accounting for the high burden include delayed health seeking, poor access to health care, poorly resourced health care systems, inadequate immunisation programs and lack of availability of oxygen delivery systems. The burden of pneumonia deaths has also been increased by the paediatric HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Effective preventive interventions include exclusive breastfeeding, optimizing nutrition, reduction of indoor air pollution and immunisations. Wider availability of new immunisations particularly pneumococcal conjugate vaccine can substantially reduce pneumonia incidence. Prophylactic trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and antiretroviral therapy are important strategies to prevent pneumonia in HIV infected children, and wider implementation of these is still needed. The most effective treatment strategy remains case management guidelines as contained in the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness program. Case management efficacy is dependent on timely access to health facilities, on health worker ability to recognise and treat pneumonia or severe pneumonia and on availability of appropriate antibiotics and functioning referral pathways. In areas of high HIV prevalence, guidelines must be adapted to broaden antimicrobial coverage including treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Monitoring of hypoxia with pulse oximetry and appropriate oxygen delivery systems are still not widely available and should be prioritized in pneumonia management programs.Conclusions: Improved access to preventive and management strategies is urgently needed to reduce the burden of childhood pneumonia in resource limited settings. Further research on childhood pneumonia is needed to delineate the burden of specific pathogens, to develop better diagnostic tests and to improve current management and preventive strategies.

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Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination against bacterial pneumonia in Colombia

Cited by 35 publications

References 8 publications

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine is highly effective in the Ugandan routine immunization program: a case–control study

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine is highly effective in the Ugandan routine immunization program: a case–control study

Effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccine on Radiologically-Confirmed Pneumonia in Young Children in Pakistan

Childhood Pneumonia in Low and Middle Income Countries: Burden, Prevention and Management

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