Shoulder dysfunction is the second most common musculoskeletal problem seen in physical therapy 42 and affects approximately 16% to 21% of the population. 22,43 It is a leading cause of sick days among young adults, 21 and its prevalence in persons 65 years and older is 34%. 24 The direct cost for the treatment of shoulder dysfunction in the United States exceeds $7 billion annually. 30 There are numerous underlying musculoskeletal causes of shoulder dysfunction. These include tendinopathy, bursitis, rotator cuff tear, adhesive capsulitis, avascular necrosis, shoulder impingement syndrome, glenohumeral osteoarthritis, and trauma from injury. Shoulder dysfunction results in a variety of impairments such as pain, stiffness, weakness, postural deviations, and altered glenohumeral rhythm. These impairments, in turn, lead to limitation of activities of daily living such as reaching, lifting, overhead movements, carrying, pushing, pulling, grooming, and sleep.Common approaches to treating individuals with shoulder dysfunction are corticosteroid injections, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, manipulation under general anesthesia, arthroscopic surgery, and physical therapy intervention, including therapeutic exercises, manual therapy, and various modalities. Prior studies have shown that medical and surgical interventions are not superior to physical therapy interventions for patients with shoulder dysfunction. 11,15,42 Therapeutic exercise is defined as "the systematic performance or execution of T T STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review with metaanalysis.
T T OBJECTIVE:To pool and summarize the published research evidence examining if the combination of therapeutic exercise and joint mobilization is more beneficial than therapeutic exercise alone in patients with shoulder dysfunction.
T T BACKGROUND:Therapeutic exercise is an effective intervention for patients with shoulder dysfunction, which is often supplemented by joint mobilization techniques. Numerous studies have examined the effects of the combination of therapeutic exercise and joint mobilization on patients with shoulder dysfunction.
T T METHODS:Six databases were searched for randomized controlled trials. All the randomized controlled trials published in English that have studied the effectiveness of therapeutic exercise and joint mobilization on adults with either clinically or radiographically confirmed shoulder dysfunction resulting in pain, restriction of range of motion (ROM), and/or limitation in function, were included in this review. Effect size was calculated in the form of standardized mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each variable, then combined to represent weighted standardized mean differences (WSMDs) and 95% CIs.
T T RESULTS:Seven studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified, with a total of 290 participants. The WSMDs and CIs, which combined the results of all the studies for a particular variable, revealed equivocal results for all variables. The resulting WSMD (95% CI) for each of the variables was 0.2 (-0.68, 1...