Effectiveness of Measures to Reduce the Influence of Global Climate Change on Tomato Cultivation in Solariums—Case Study: Crișurilor Plain, Bihor, Romania

Abstract

Tomatoes, one of the most appreciated vegetables consumed, are crops well adapted for cultivation in arid and semi-arid conditions, with the success of large yields guaranteed by covering water consumption through irrigation. Solar Pumps—SP are driven by Photovoltaic Panels—PV (SPAPV), eliminating the dependence on electricity or diesel; they are environmentally friendly because they generate carbon-free electricity, and the cost of operation and maintenance is lower. In order to preserve the water administered by drip to the tomato crop grown in solariums, mulching is used. In Husasău de Tinca, in the Crișurilor Plain, the cultivation of tomato varieties without mulching (WM) and with mulching with black foil (MBF) was studied. To answer the question “How effective are water conservation measures in terms of energy independence?”, two variants of SPAPVs, direct pumping (ADP) and storage tank (AST) were simulated. It is proposed to determine the water consumption of tomatoes (ETRo), using the temperatures inside the solarium. In 2016, the average temperatures during the vegetation period with insurance of over 20%, were observed. The specific investment (SI) is 214,795 Euro ha−1 in the case of ADP and respectively 202,990 Euro ha−1 in the case of ATS. The payback period (IPT) is between 2.68 years and 2.53 years for the ADP variant and between 1.63 years and 1.54 years for the ATS variant. The indications for water use and irrigation water use show that in the MBF variant, the water administered by localized irrigation is better utilized than in the WM variant. The novelty of this study is the evaluation of the effectiveness of measures to reduce the effects of global climate change on tomatoes grown in solariums, useful for forecasting and watering restrictions, water consumption is determined from the air temperature measured inside the solarium, with insurance of over 20%. Taking into account the working hypotheses, the distribution of irrigation water in the solarium, with the help of SPAPVs, for tomatoes grown in the MBF variant, and a drip irrigation arrangement with ATS, the energy independence of the farm is ensured, the yields obtained are economically efficient, and the irrigation water is used rationally.

The Power of Airport Branding in Shaping Tourist Destination Image: Passenger Commitment Perspective

“…Airport brands help develop recognizable services to make passengers remember when deciding what to buy/use. It can also boost sales by giving customers a unique and memorable experience and creat ing customer loyalty (Castro and Lohmann, 2014;Halpern and Regmi, 2011). In this vein, given the importance of branding "services," we argue that branding airports will increase airports' positive reputation and revenues.…”

“…Consequently, this will increase revenues (Fasone et al, 2016), and the number of service providers (e.g., tourism stakeholders) and service recipients (e.g., airport visitors) will be increased (Akamavi et al, 2015). Accordingly, to attract more visitors to airports and expand airport services, tourism managers modified the airport visions to achieve this goal (Castro and Lohmann, 2014).…”

“…The airport brand explains the airport label's/products/ service's essential beliefs, mission, and identity (Figueiredo and Castro, 2019). It serves as the cornerstone of an effective strategy and aids in setting an airport apart from competitors (Castro and Lohmann, 2014). Establishing airport brands for services could gain many advantages by effectively communicating the airports' beliefs and mission to passengers; it can help to establish an emotional connection with them (Paternoster, 2008).…”

“…Tourism plays a vital role in countries' economic growth. Therefore, it has become fundamental for tourism sectors to attract the largest possible number of tourists to gain high revenues (Cărbunar et al, 2022;Song et al, 2014;Tsai, 2016). The airport is considered one of the essential tourism sectors (Monterrubio et al, 2020).…”

“…(Kotsi et al, 2018). This will increase revenues (Fasone et al, 2016), and airports tend to attract more service providers (e.g., tourism stakeholders) and service recipients (e.g., passengers) (Akamavi et al, 2015) to increase revenues, as well as ensure positive passengers' behavioral outcomes (Castro and Lohmann, 2014).…”