“…In this context, dietary transgressions are an essential bias in interpreting the clinical course of these patients [ 12 , 16 , 138 ]. - An associated pathology is the actual cause of the ongoing symptoms: microscopic colitis [ 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 ], SIBO [ 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 ], malabsorption of simple carbohydrates (e.g., lactose, fructose, or sorbitol) [ 155 , 156 , 157 ], and others such as reflux dysmotility [ 135 ], PEI [ 158 , 159 ], idiopathic bile salt malabsorption [ 160 , 161 , 162 ], Crohn’s disease, [ 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 ], and other functional digestive disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome [ 174 , 175 , 176 ]. In such patients, it is obvious that the nature of the symptoms is due to a different cause that overlaps with that of CeD itself.
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