Effectiveness of Nutrition Education on Knowledge of Anemia and Hemoglobin Level in Female Adolescents Aged 12-19 Years: a Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Anemia is a common health problem among adolescents that needs to be resolved immediately. It is estimated that more than 50% of female adolescents aged 12-15 years have anemia. Some of the anemia's effects on adolescents include stunted growth, decreased learning ability, and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Objectives: To identify evidence for nutrition education's effectiveness on anemia knowledge and hemoglobin levels in female adolescents aged 12 to 19. Methods: Using study eligibility criteria, three electronic databases (Scopus, Science Direct, and Pubmed) were searched within five years for relevant articles. Review Manager (RevMan) version 5.4.1 was used to analyze the research findings. Results: Based on the results, there was no significant relationship between education and anemia knowledge in the control and treatment groups (p<0.05). Neither group also had a significant relationship between nutrition education and Hb concentration. However, the Active, Creative, Effective, and Fun Learning or Pembelajaran Aktif, Kreatif, Efektif, dan Menyenangkan (PAKEM) program approach impacted adolescent anemia knowledge. The mean difference value of 0, which indicates the intervention group is more effective than the control group, presented significant results. The estimated effect can be seen in the forest plot image to the left of the vertical line. Conclusions: Based on the meta-analysis, the PAKEM method is a nutritional education method that provides significant results on female adolescents' knowledge regarding anemia and Fe tablet consumption. However, the nutritional education method did not affect hemoglobin levels.

The Effectiveness of Educational Media on Knowledge, Dietary Patterns and Compliance with Iron Supplement Consumption in Anemic Adolescent Girls

“…Several types of nutrition education aim to raise awareness and compliance among adolescent girls about the importance of taking iron tablets (15). Through oral iron supplementation, most individuals' hemoglobin levels return to normal after 6 months, although this also depends on individual compliance (16).…”

“…PAKEM technique utilizes various methods such as lectures, group discussions, problemsolving, and game simulations (quizzes, role-playing, and card matching) through pamphlets, leaflets, videos, and game applications. The PAKEM method fosters rapport between researchers and respondents, encouraging them to share their thoughts freely (15). According to research, learning that involves visual, auditory, and kinesthetic components increases learning effectiveness up to 90% compared to learning limited to seeing hearing, which has an effectiveness range of 10% to 30% (18).…”