Effectiveness of Oral Ketamine, Midazolam, and Atropine Cocktail Versus Oral Diphenhydramine for Pediatric Sedation in the Emergency Department

Abstract

Background:Sedation is a condition of reduced level of consciousness (LOC) for a patient that is created to decrease irritability, anxiety, and restlessness.Objectives:In this study, we compared the sedative effect of oral administration of ketamine, midazolam, and atropine cocktail with diphenhydramine in the referent children to the emergency department.Patients and Methods:Based on the double-blind randomized clinical trial in this investigation, 80 children, who needed to repair their wounds with suture were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 and group 2, who have received oral diphenhydramine and oral ketamine, midazolam, and atropine cocktail, respectively. Behavioral changes were collected and recorded before, during intervention and two weeks after intervention. Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software and chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed to study the relations among variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of drug acceptance and anxiety degree in children before intervention. Group 2 had achieved better and deeper sedation than group 1 during 45-minute post-medication (P < 0.05, P = 0.01). Regarding pediatric general behavior such as crying or interruptive moves, there was also a significant statistical difference between group 2 and group 1 (P = 0.009) based on Houpt Classification. The mean recovery times in groups 1 and 2 were 34.37 ± 14.23 min and 27.25 ± 5.14 min, respectively (P = 0.003). In terms of behavioral changes, the rate of cumulative frequency was computed for behavioral changes two weeks after the discharge from emergency department in which there were less behavioral changes in group 2 than in group 1 (P = 0.04).Conclusions:Oral administration of ketamine, midazolam, and atropine cocktail induces better sedation than diphenhydramine with respect to its limited mood changes in children, who need a medical procedure at emergency department.

A comparison of oral midazolam-ketamine, dexmedetomidine-fentanyl, and dexmedetomidine-ketamine combinations as sedative agents in pediatric dentistry: A triple-blinded randomized controlled trial

“…[ 17 18 ] In our study, 72.8% of patients were successfully sedated with MK combination. This success rate is more than Funk et al .,[ 17 ] 70%; Soleimanpour et al .,[ 19 ] 62.5%; Darlong et al .,[ 20 ] 70.8%; Majidinejad et al .,[ 21 ] 45.5%; and Roelofse et al .,[ 22 ] 40% whereas it is lesser in comparison to Barkan et al .,[ 23 ] 94%; Norambuena et al .,[ 24 ] 93.3%; Darlong et al .,[ 20 ] 79.3%; Malhotra et al ., 75%;[ 25 ] and Ghai et al .,[ 26 ] 97.96%. These differences in success rate of sedation may be attributed to different scales used for evaluation, different drug dosages, and also different criteria taken for success.…”

Comparative evaluation of dexmedetomidine and midazolam-ketamine combination as sedative agents in pediatric dentistry: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial

“…[ 7 ] 70%, Soleimanpour et al . [ 18 ] 62.5% and 70.8%, Majidinejad et al . [ 19 ] 45.5%, and Roelofse et al .…”

Using Ketamine and Propofol for Procedural Sedation of Adults in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Sedation is a state that the patient’s level of consciousness reduces in order to decrease irritation, nervousness and agitation. 1 Procedural sedation (PS) is commonly used in the emergency department (ED) to facilitate the performance of a procedure. 2,3 The ideal drug for the PS in the ED is a medication with rapid onset of action, short duration of action, short recovery time, and minimal associated risks.…”