Effectiveness of whey protein supplements on the serum levels of amino acid, creatinine kinase and myoglobin of athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Consuming whey protein supplements, along with physiotherapy and psychotherapy, have been recognised in sports performance. Whey protein supplements (WPS) is one of the commonly used supplements as ergogenic aids for athletes to enhance their muscle performance and recovery during sport-related injuries. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of WPS over the blood biochemistry mainly amino acids, creatinine kinase and myoglobin which influence performance and recovery among athletes. Method A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify randomised control trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs that investigated the effectiveness of WPS on amino acids, creatinine kinase and myoglobin among athletes. Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions tool (ROBINS-I) and Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment tool were used to rule out the quality of studies. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effect model with STATA version 14.2. The weighted mean difference was used to estimate the effectiveness of WPS against other supplements. Results A total of 333,257 research articles were identified; of these, 15 records were included to proceed with the analysis. Meta-analysis has shown that WPS has significantly overall increased the level of essential amino acids level by 624.03 nmol/L (CI = 169.27, 1078.8; I 2 = 100%; p = 0.00) and branched-chain amino acids level by 458.57 nmol/L (CI = 179.96, 737.18; I 2 = 100%; p = 0.00) compared to the control group (without WPS). Moreover, was observed to decrease myoglobin level by 11.74 ng/ml (CI = − 30.24, 6.76; I 2 = 79.6%; p = 0.007) and creatine kinase level by 47.05 U/L (CI = − 129.47, 35.37; I 2 = 98.4%; p = 0.000) compared to the control group. Conclusion The findings revealed that the clinical evidence supports the effectiveness of WPS as a positive ergogenic aid on athletes’ amino acids, creatinine kinase and myoglobin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13643-019-1039-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Does Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) Supplementation Attenuate Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness after Resistance Exercise in Trained Males? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

“…Whey protein, having a high availability of BCAAs, has been investigated for its efficiency in stimulating muscle protein synthesis [15,18,19]. However, previous meta-analyses demonstrated small to moderate effects of whey protein on muscle function during the temporal recovery from <24 to 96 h after resistance exercise [46], and a reduction of myoglobin and CK levels considering different form of exercises [47]. However, whey protein failed to reduce CK and muscle soreness during recovery until 96 h, either as a pre-or post-exercise supplementation during eccentric isokinetic contractions [48].…”

Myoglobin, Muscle Strength and Elderly Fall-Associated Nutrition

“…Lam et al reported that whey protein supplements (WPS) had significantly overall increased the level of branched-chain amino acids level by 458.57 nmol/L (CI = 179.96, 737.18; I 2 = 100 %; p = 0.00) and level of essential amino acids by 624.03 nmol/L (CI = 169.27, 1078.8; I 2 = 100 %; p = 0.00) compared to the control group, wherejbas WPS had decreased myoglobin level by 11.74 ng/ml (CI = -30.24, 6.76; I 2 = 79.6 %; p = 0.007) and creatinine kinase level by 47.05 U/L (CI = -129.47, 35.37; I 2 = 98.4 %; p = 0.000) [18]. Recently, Carlsson et al demonstrated their success in production of human myoglobin, a heme-protein in muscle with important functions in tissue oxygenation and as a regulator in nitric oxide signaling from the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana by transient expression using a viral vector delivered by Agrobacterium tumefaciens [19].…”

Peroxiredoxin 6 overexpression regulates adriamycin-induced myocardial injury, oxidative stress and immune response in rats

“…Following damage to myocardial tissue, cTnI can quickly enter the blood system, causing the cTnI content in the blood to increase; therefore, the level changes of cTnI can reflect the degree of myocardial damage (16). Mb is a small molecule pigment-protein formed by the combination of globin and methemoglobin that is mainly distributed in the myocardium and striated muscle cells and has the function of transporting and storing oxygen in muscle cells (17). When cardiomyocytes are damaged, Mb carries out blood circulation from the cardiomyocytes through diffusion.…”