Effectors produced by rhoptries and dense granules: an intense conversation between parasite and host in many languages

Boothroyd, John C.; Hakimi, Mohamed-Ali

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815041-2.00017-7

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…However, type II and, to a lesser extent, type III strains have an increased ability to use DCs as Trojan horses for dissemination compared to type I (Lambert et al, 2009 ). The difference in virulence between the major strains of Toxoplasma is due to multiple polymorphic effectors that act in concert to modulate murine immune responses at different steps, a subject that has been reviewed in-depth elsewhere (Melo et al, 2011 ; Boothroyd and Hakimi, 2020 ). The strain variation in specific phenotypes is not only limited to clonal types but is also present within the same haplogroups, possibly due to the presence of polymorphic effectors or differential expression of effector proteins (Khan et al, 2009 ; Melo et al, 2013 ; Yang et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Toxoplasma Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toxoplasma modulates host pathways through the secretion and delivery of GRA and ROP effectors from its dense granule and rhoptry organelles, respectively, to the host cell cytoplasm. Although some Toxoplasma secreted GRAs and ROPs help to evade host immunity (Hunter and Sibley, 2012 ; Butcher et al, 2014 ; Hakimi and Bougdour, 2015 ; Hakimi et al, 2017 ; Boothroyd and Hakimi, 2020 ), others activate it (Melo et al, 2011 ; Hunter and Sibley, 2012 ; Hakimi et al, 2017 ; Boothroyd and Hakimi, 2020 ). This dynamic balance is required by the parasite to convert to bradyzoites and form tissue cysts, which are orally infectious to other intermediate hosts, thus favoring further transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of the Host and Parasite Strain on the Immune Response During Toxoplasma Infection

Mukhopadhyay

Arranz-Solís

Saeij

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Toxoplasma gondii is an exceptionally successful parasite that infects a very broad host range, including humans, across the globe. The outcome of infection differs remarkably between hosts, ranging from acute death to sterile infection. These differential disease patterns are strongly influenced by both host-and parasite-specific genetic factors. In this review, we discuss how the clinical outcome of toxoplasmosis varies between hosts and the role of different immune genes and parasite virulence factors, with a special emphasis on Toxoplasma-induced ileitis and encephalitis.

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Section: Toxoplasma Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the Host and Parasite Strain on the Immune Response During Toxoplasma Infection

Mukhopadhyay

Arranz-Solís

Saeij

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…In fact, concerning host-pathogen relationship and immunological cross-talk, T. gondii modulates host pathways through the secretion and delivery of endogenous effectors in order to try to evade host immunity or, in other cases, to activate it [42]. This balance is required by the parasite for the conversion into bradyzoites that form tissue cysts, orally transmitted to intermediate hosts [31].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“One Health” Goal: Novel Preliminary Study on Putative Pig Immuno-Genetic Resistance to <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> and Serologi-Cal Survey in Central Italy Regions

Torricelli,

Fratto,

Costarelli

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis of warm-blooded animals, affecting also humans, caused by Toxo-plasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite with a complex biological cycle. Toxoplasmosis is considered a re-emerging zoonosis and an important public health threat, also for the absence, up to now, of efficient vaccines and preventive measures. Sources of transmission to humans are environmental or food-borne, mainly through the consumption of raw and undercooked meat, predominantly of Sus scrofa, considered highly susceptible to T. gondii. Mainly in the last dec-ades, an effective strategy to counter animal infectious diseases was based on the discovery of resistance immuno-genetic markers, possibly to be used for association studies between geno-typic and phenotypic traits and consequently in Marker Assisted Selection. Until now, this gen-otyping approach has never been adopted for T. gondii infection, so this study aimed, for the first time, to fill this gap. In particular, pigs, reared in different farms of Central Italy, were serologically characterized by an ELISA assay performed on diaphragm meat juice. Out of 179 tested animals, 98 resulted seropositive (54.74%), 57 seronegative (31.84%) and 24 doubtful (10.6%), underlining a possible re-emerging diffusion of this protozoan in the investigated areas. Atten-tion was firstly focused on IL-18 gene, encoding for a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role starting from the upstream steps of the immunity pathway towards T. gondii. A RT-PCR assay followed by Sanger sequencing of IL-18 cDNA was de novo developed. For this interleukin, at this stage, genetic analysis has not highlighted significant polymorphic variations compared to the reference sequence, except for a seropositive animal. However, the outcomes of this pre-liminary innovative study will be investigated in depth analyzing other relevant genetic re-gions and other target genes.

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Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cell therapy on parasitic drug resistance

Sadr,

Ahmadi Simab,

Niazi

et al. 2024

Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy

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Effectors produced by rhoptries and dense granules: an intense conversation between parasite and host in many languages

Cited by 4 publications

References 116 publications

Influence of the Host and Parasite Strain on the Immune Response During Toxoplasma Infection

Influence of the Host and Parasite Strain on the Immune Response During Toxoplasma Infection

“One Health” Goal: Novel Preliminary Study on Putative Pig Immuno-Genetic Resistance to <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> and Serologi-Cal Survey in Central Italy Regions

Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cell therapy on parasitic drug resistance

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