Effects and Interactions of Ozone and the Anti-ozonant EDU at Different Stages of Radish {<i>Raphanus sativus</i>L.) Development

Kostka-Rick, Reinhard; Manning, William J.

doi:10.1093/jxb/43.12.1621

“…Lee et al (1981) also showed that senescence of red clover leaf discs was delayed when discs were floated on a EDU solution in the dark or under low intensity light. Kostka-Rick and Manning (1992) noted complete O 3 injury protection in EDU-treated radish plants (Table 3).…”

Section: Edu and Visible Injurymentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Yield loss assessments are performed by comparing the yield estimates of EDU-treated and untreated plants in O 3 polluted areas of the USA (Ensing et al 1985;Smith et al 1987), Asia (Wahid et al 2001;Agrawal et al 2004Agrawal et al , 2005Tiwari et al 2005;Wang et al 2007;Singh and Agrawal 2009;Singh et al 2010b, c), Africa (Hassan et al 1995;Hassan 2006) and Europe (Ribas and Penuelas 2000;Brunschon-Harti et al 1995a;Pleijel et al 1999). Yield increments after the application of EDU onto O 3 exposed plants have been reported for onion (Wukasch and Hofstra 1977), navy bean (Hofstra et al 1978;Temple and Bisessar 1979;Toivonen et al 1982), tomato (Legassicke and Ormrod 1981), potato (Bisessar 1982;Clarke et al 1990;Hassan 2006), tobacco (Bisessar and Palmer 1984), watermelon (Fieldhouse 1978), peanut (Ensing et al 1985), radish (Kostka-Rick and Manning 1992;Hassan et al 1995), carrot (Tiwari and Agrawal 2010), bush bean (Kostka-Rick and Manning 1993a, c), snap bean (Vandermeiren et al 1995), mungbean Singh et al 2010b), soybean (Wahid et al 2001), wheat (Agrawal et al 2004;Tiwari et al 2005;Wang et al 2007;Singh and Agrawal 2009) and black gram (Singh et al 2010c).…”

Section: The Role Of Edu In Assessing Yield Lossesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Assessment of Ethylene Diurea-Induced Protection in Plants Against Ozone Phytotoxicity

Singh

¹

,

Singh

²

,

Agrawal

³

et al. 2014

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 233

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Urbanization, industrialization and unsustainable utilization of natural resources have made tropospheric ozone (03) one of the world's most significant air pollutants. Past studies reveal that 0 3 is a phytotoxic air pollutant that causes or enhances food insecurity across the globe. Plant sensitivity, tolerance and resistance to 0 3 involve a wide array of responses that range from growth to the physiological, biochemical and molecular. Although plants have an array of defense systems to combat oxidative stress from 0 3 exposure, they still suffer sizable yield reductions. In recent years, the ground-level 0 3 concentrations to which crop plants have been exposed have caused yield loses that are economically damaging. Several types of chemicals have been applied or used to mitigate the effects produced by 0 3 on plants. These include agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides, plant growth regulators), natural antioxidants, and others. Such treatments have been effective to one degree to another, in ameliorating Or generated stress in plants. Ethylene diurea (EDU) has been the most effective protectant used and has also served as a monitoring agent for assessing plant yield losses from 0 3 exposure. In this review, we summarize the data on how EDU has been used, the treatment methods tested, and application doses found to be both protective and toxic in plants. We have also summarized data that address the nature and modes of action (biophysical and biochemical) of EDU. In general, the literature discloses that EDU is effective in reducing ozone damage to plants, and indicates that EDU should be more widely used on 0 3 sensitive plants as a tool for biomonitoring of 0 3 concentrations. Biomonitoring studies that utilize EDU are very useful for rural and remote areas and in developing countries where 0 3 monitoring is constrained from unavailability of electricity. The mechanism(s) by which EDU prevents 0 3 toxicity in plants is still not completely known. EDU possesses great utility for screening plant sensitivity under field conditions in areas that experience high 0 3 concentrations, because EDU prevents 0 3 toxicity only in 0 3 sensitive plants. Ozone-resistant plants do not respond positively to EDU applications. However, EDU application dose and frequency must be standardized before it can be effectively and widely used for screening 0 3 sensitivity in plants. EDU acts primarily by enhancing biochemical plant defense and delaying Or induced senescence, thereby reducing chlorophyll loss, and maintaining physiological efficiency and primary metabolites; these actions enhance growth, biomass and yield of plants. We believe that future studies are needed to better address the EDU dose response relationship for many plant species, and to screen for new cultivars that can resist 0 3 stress. Although some research on the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of action of EDU have been performed, the new 'omics' tools have not been utilized to evaluate EDUs mechanism of action. Such data are needed, as is gene exp...

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“…Yield loss assessments are performed by comparing the yield estimates of EDU-treated and untreated plants in O 3 polluted areas of the USA (Ensing et al 1985;Smith et al 1987), Asia (Wahid et al 2001;Agrawal et al 2004Agrawal et al , 2005Tiwari et al 2005;Wang et al 2007;Singh and Agrawal 2009;Singh et al 2010b, c), Africa (Hassan et al 1995;Hassan 2006) and Europe (Ribas and Penuelas 2000;Brunschon-Harti et al 1995a;Pleijel et al 1999). Yield increments after the application of EDU onto O 3 exposed plants have been reported for onion (Wukasch and Hofstra 1977), navy bean (Hofstra et al 1978;Temple and Bisessar 1979;Toivonen et al 1982), tomato (Legassicke and Ormrod 1981), potato (Bisessar 1982;Clarke et al 1990;Hassan 2006), tobacco (Bisessar and Palmer 1984), watermelon (Fieldhouse 1978), peanut (Ensing et al 1985), radish (Kostka-Rick and Manning 1992;Hassan et al 1995), carrot (Tiwari and Agrawal 2010), bush bean (Kostka-Rick and Manning 1993a, c), snap bean (Vandermeiren et al 1995), mungbean Singh et al 2010b), soybean (Wahid et al 2001), wheat (Agrawal et al 2004;Tiwari et al 2005;Wang et al 2007;Singh and Agrawal 2009) and black gram …”

Section: Effects Of Edu On Carbohydratesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 233

Whitacre¹

2015

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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“…This chemical compound is applied as a foliar spray, a soil drench or by direct injection (Weidensaul, 1980;Kostka-Rick and Manning, 1992). This chemical compound is applied as a foliar spray, a soil drench or by direct injection (Weidensaul, 1980;Kostka-Rick and Manning, 1992).…”

Section: Chemical Protective Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%