Effects and Mechanisms of Tea and Its Bioactive Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Updated Review

Cao, Shi Yu; Zhao, Cai; Gan, Ren‐You; Xu, Xiao Yu; Wei, Xin; Corke, Harold; Atanasov, Atanas G.; Li, Hua Bin

doi:10.3390/antiox8060166

Cited by 91 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Recent mechanistic studies have examined the effects of green tea intake on lipid control and provide further evidence for the biological plausibility of these findings. In accordance with our results, several animal studies have reported that green tea supplementation significantly improved hyperlipidemia status in high-fat diet induced rats, including lowering TC, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides [54]. Moreover, recent animal studies have indicated that green tea catechins could significantly inhibit atherosclerotic plaque formation, lower liver fat accumulation, and increase HDL cholesterol in hyperlipidemic rats induced by high-fat andhigh-cholesterol diet [55].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of green tea consumption on blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Yang

Sui

et al. 2020

Nutr J

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Background Strong epidemiologic evidence indicates that green tea intake is protective against hyperlipidemia; however, randomized controlled studies have presented varying results. In the present study, we aimed to conduct a literature review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of green tea on blood lipids. Methods PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were electronically explored from inception to September 2019 for all relevant studies. Random effect models were used to estimate blood lipid changes between green tea supplementation and control groups by evaluating the weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The risk of bias for study was assessed using the Cochrane tool. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s tests. Results Thirty-one trials with a total of 3321 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. In general, green tea intake significantly lowered the total cholesterol (TC); WMD: − 4.66 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 6.36, − 2.96 mg/dL; P < 0.0001) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (WMD:− 4.55 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 6.31, − 2.80 mg/dL; P < 0.0001) levels compared with those in the control. Green tea consumption did not affect high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; however, it reduced the triglycerides compared with that in the control (WMD: − 3.77 mg/dL; 95% CI: − 8.90, 1.37 mg/dL; P = 0.15). In addition, significant publication bias from funnel plots or Egger’s tests was not evident. Conclusions Collectively, consumption of green tea lowers LDL cholesterol and TC, but not HDL cholesterol or triglycerides in both normal weight subjects and those who were overweight/obese; however, additional well-designed studies that include more diverse populations and longer duration are warranted.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of green tea consumption on blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Yang

Sui

et al. 2020

Nutr J

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“…Catechins are the principal components of tea antioxidant polyphenols, which mainly include two non-ester catechins, (−)-epicatechin (EC) and (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and two ester catechins, (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) [ 3 , 4 ]. These catechins show potential health benefits, such as anticancer, anti-obesity, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiviral effects [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Nowadays, catechins have been widely applied in the pharmaceutical and food industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Extraction of Antioxidant Polyphenols from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)

et al. 2020

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In this study, the feasibility of improving the extraction yield of green tea antioxidant polyphenols by the combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was investigated. Choline chloride (ChCl)-glycerol was selected as the best DES among 12 ChCl-based DESs to extract tea antioxidant polyphenols. Subsequently, the influences of extraction parameters on total phenolic content (TPC) values were investigated, and liquid/solid ratio, ultrasonic power, and ultrasonic time were optimized based on the response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were a liquid to solid ratio of 36:1 (mL/g), ultrasonic power of 461.5 W, and ultrasonic time of 21 min, with the highest TPC value of 243 ± 7 mg gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE)/g dry weight (DW), which was 13% higher than that before optimization. In addition, under the optimal extraction conditions, tea polyphenolic extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared with conventional extraction methods. Four major catechins in the green tea extracts, including (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that UAE-DES effectively disrupted the green tea leaf cells, thereby improving tea polyphenol yield. In summary, UAE-DES is an ideal green extraction method for the extraction of tea antioxidant polyphenols.

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“…There are diverse studies pointing out the effect of EGCG on in vitro cell cultures or in vivo based on animal models, as reviewed, for example, in Khan and Mukhtar [5]. Human studies focus, on the majority, on epidemiological evaluations, and few are based on clinical data from conventional blood analysis, as conducted over cancer development and progression [10], metabolic syndrome [11], and cardiovascular diseases [12,13]. Human studies using catechins as a supplement observed a decrease of plasma Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL) in comparison with controls, and in smokers a reduction of benzo[a]pyrene adducts [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Simple, Label-Free, and High-Throughput Method to Evaluate the Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Impact in Plasma Molecular Profile

et al. 2020

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Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin present in green tea, presents diverse appealing biological activities, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities, among others. The present work evaluated the impact in the molecular profile of human plasma from daily consumption of 225 mg of EGCG for 90 days. Plasma from peripheral blood was collected from 30 healthy human volunteers and analyzed by high-throughput Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. To capture the biochemical information while minimizing the interference of physical phenomena, several combinations of spectra pre-processing methods were evaluated by principal component analysis. The pre-processing method that led to the best class separation, that is, between the plasma spectral data collected at the beginning and after the 90 days, was a combination of atmospheric correction with a second derivative spectra. A hierarchical cluster analysis of second derivative spectra also highlighted the fact that plasma acquired before EGCG consumption presented a distinct molecular profile after the 90 days of EGCG consumption. It was also possible by partial least squares regression discriminant analysis to correctly predict all unlabeled plasma samples (not used for model construction) at both timeframes. We observed that the similarity in composition among the plasma samples was higher in samples collected after EGCG consumption when compared with the samples taken prior to EGCG consumption. Diverse negative peaks of the normalized second derivative spectra, associated with lipid and protein regions, were significantly affected (p < 0.001) by EGCG consumption, according to the impact of EGCG consumption on the patients' blood, low density and high density lipoproteins ratio. In conclusion, a single bolus dose of 225 mg of EGCG, ingested throughout a period of 90 days, drastically affected plasma molecular composition in all participants, which raises awareness regarding prolonged human exposure to EGCG. Because the analysis was conducted in a high-throughput, label-free, and economic analysis, it could be applied to high-dimension molecular epidemiological studies to further promote the understanding of the effect of bio-compound consumption mode and frequency.

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Effects and Mechanisms of Tea and Its Bioactive Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Updated Review

Cited by 91 publications

References 96 publications

Effect of green tea consumption on blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Effect of green tea consumption on blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Green Extraction of Antioxidant Polyphenols from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)

A Simple, Label-Free, and High-Throughput Method to Evaluate the Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Impact in Plasma Molecular Profile

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