Effects of 2 low-fat stanol ester–containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects

Hallikainen, Maarit; Uusitupa, Matti

doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.3.403

Cited by 205 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This result is similar to those of earlier studies, in which plant stanol esters (2-3 g/day of plant stanols) have reduced LDL-C by 9-15% (Vanhanen et al, 1993;Gylling and Miettinen, 1994;Gylling et al, 1995Gylling et al, , 1997Gylling et al, , 1999Miettinen et al, 1995;Hallikainen and Uusitupa, 1999;Hallikainen et al, 2000a;Mensink et al, 2002). Our result also confirms the fact that plant stanol ester does not affect serum HDL-C or TG.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Thus one can with confidence claim that the reduction in serum lipids in the stanol group was almost certainly owing to the plant stanols. The daily intake of plant stanol was 2 g, which was, on the basis of the earlier studies (Vanhanen et al, 1993;Gylling and Miettinen, 1994;Gylling et al, 1995Gylling et al, , 1997Gylling et al, , 1999Miettinen et al, 1995;Hallikainen and Uusitupa, 1999;Hallikainen et al, 2000a;Mensink et al, 2002), estimated to be adequate.The daily dose of the cheese product was taken in one or two portions with main meals. It has been reported that plant stanols, either consumed once a day or divided between the meals, resulted in a similar decrease in serum lipids .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…In most studies, the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant stanol ester has been studied with plant stanols incorporated in an ordinary or low-fat margarine (Gylling and Miettinen, 1994;Gylling et al, 1995Gylling et al, , 1997Miettinen et al, 1995;Hallikainen and Uusitupa, 1999;Hallikainen et al, 2000aHallikainen et al, , b, 2002Tammi et al, 2002) or mayonnaise (Vanhanen et al, 1993;Miettinen and Vanhanen, 1994). Mensink et al (2002) also reported that a yoghurt enriched with 3 g/day of plant stanols reduced LDL cholesterol significantly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of low-fat hard cheese enriched with plant stanol esters on serum lipids and apolipoprotein B in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects

Jauhiainen

Salo

Niittynen³

et al. 2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To investigate the cholesterol-lowering effects of a low-fat cheese enriched with plant stanol esters in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects, as part of their normal diet. Design: A randomized double-blind parallel-group study. Setting: Valio Ltd, Helsinki. Subjects: Sixty-seven mildly hypercholesterolaemic volunteers (24 men, 43 women) participated in the study, which all of them completed. Interventions: The subjects were randomly assigned to the plant stanol ester group or the control group. During the 5-week intervention, the subjects in the stanol group consumed a cheese enriched with 2 g of plant stanols per day, and the subjects in the control group, a control cheese with no plant stanols. Results: In the stanol ester group, as compared to the control group, both serum total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased significantly, that is, by 5.8% (À0.32 mmol/l, 95% CI À0.50 to À0.15 mmol/l, Po0.001) and 10.3% (À0.36 mmol/l, 95% CI À0.53 to À0.18 mmol/l, Po0.001), respectively. There were no significant changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides or apolipoprotein B concentrations between the groups. Conclusion: Cheese enriched with 2 g of plant stanol in the form of fatty acid esters decreases serum total and LDL cholesterol significantly.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of low-fat hard cheese enriched with plant stanol esters on serum lipids and apolipoprotein B in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects

Jauhiainen

Salo

Niittynen³

et al. 2006

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…These effects collectively lead to the inhibition of TAG synthesis and consequently the reduction of plasma TAG levels. A great body of evidence demonstrates that PS supplementation has no effect or tends to increase plasma TAG levels [21,24,25,[29][30][31][32][54][55][56][57]. When BBR was co-administered with PS, an additive effect of BBR and PS on plasma TAG was observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was also expected that BBR and phytosterols would decrease plasma TAG levels when provided in combination. Because plant sterols, stanols, and their ester forms possess similar capacities to lower circulating cholesterol [23][24][25][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37], in the present study we have chosen the stanol form of phytosterols (PS) to determine the effect of combined treatment of BBR and PS on plasma cholesterol and TAG concentrations in rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. The safety/toxicity of BBR and PS was evaluated by hepatic biochemical parameters that are routinely used in basic toxicological research and the clinical diagnosis of drug/chemical-induced toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-administration of berberine and plant stanols synergistically reduces plasma cholesterol in rats

Xiao-ming¹,

Chen

Zidichouski³

et al. 2008

Atherosclerosis

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The objective of the present study was to determine the beneficial effects and the safety of oral administration of the combination of berberine (BBR) and plant stanols (PS) on plasma lipid profiles in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Four groups of animals were fed a cornstarch-casein-sucrose-based high-cholesterol (2%, w:w) and high-fat (27.5%) diet. Three treatment groups were supplemented with either BBR (100 mg kg −1 body weight d −1 ), PS (1% in diet, w:w), or the combination of both (BBRPS). After 6 wk, animals were sacrificed and followed immediately with the collection of blood and organ samples. Lipid analysis revealed that PS lowered plasma total cholesterol (T-C) by 18% (p = 0.067) and non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) by 29% (p = 0.013) as compared with the control, while BBR had no effect on both T-C and non-HDL-C. The combination treatment of BBRPS reduced plasma T-C by 41% (p = 0.0002) and non-HDL-C by 59% (p < 0.0001) compared to the control group. BBR reduced plasma TG levels by 31% at a marginal significance relative to the control (p = 0.054), whereas PS had no effect. BBRPS showed an additive effect of BBR and PS on plasma TAG. PS and BBRPS both decreased liver cholesterol (p = 0.0027 and 0.0002, respectively). BBR and PS, either alone or in combination, did not show any toxic effects as assessed by plasma concentration of hepatic biochemical parameters. These results demonstrate that BBR and PS, when combined, synergistically lower plasma cholesterol levels and significantly reduce liver cholesterol, without the observation of any toxic effects. Crown

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Plant sterols: biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition

Piironen

Lindsay

Miettinen

et al. 2000

J. Sci. Food Agric.

843

291

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Plant sterols are an essential component of the membranes of all eukaryotic organisms. They are either synthesised de novo or taken up from the environment. Their function appears to be to control membrane fluidity and permeability, although some plant sterols have a specific function in signal transduction. The phytosterols are products of the isoprenoid pathway. The dedicated pathway to sterol synthesis in photosynthetic plants occurs at the squalene stage through the activity of squalene synthetase. Although the activity of 3‐hydroxymethyl‐3‐glutaryl coenzyme A (HGMR) is rate‐limiting in the synthesis of cholesterol, this does not appear to be the case with the plant sterols. Up‐regulation of HGMR appears to increase the biosynthesis of cycloartenol but not the Δ5‐sterols. A decline in sterol synthesis is associated with a suppression of squalene synthetase activity, which is probably a critical point in controlling carbon flow and end‐product formation. The major post‐squalene biosynthetic pathway is regulated by critical rate‐limiting steps such as the methylation of cycloartenol into cycloeucalenol. Little is known about the factors controlling the biosynthesis of the end‐point sterol esters or stanols. The commonly consumed plant sterols are sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol which are predominantly supplied by vegetable oils. The oils are a rich source of the steryl esters. Less important sources of sterols are cereals, nuts and vegetables. The nutritional interest derives from the fact that the sterols have a similar structure to cholesterol, and have the capacity to lower plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Since the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease have been dramatically reduced using cholesterol‐lowering drugs (statins), the interest in plant sterols lies in their potential to act as a natural preventive dietary product. Stanols (saturated at C‐5) occur in low amounts in the diet and are equally effective in lowering plasma cholesterol and do not cause an increase in plasma levels, unlike the sterols which can be detected in plasma. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

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Effects of 2 low-fat stanol ester–containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects

Cited by 205 publications

References 23 publications

Effects of low-fat hard cheese enriched with plant stanol esters on serum lipids and apolipoprotein B in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects

Effects of low-fat hard cheese enriched with plant stanol esters on serum lipids and apolipoprotein B in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects

Co-administration of berberine and plant stanols synergistically reduces plasma cholesterol in rats

Plant sterols: biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition

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