Effects of 3-methylmethcathinone on conditioned place preference and anxiety-like behavior: Comparison with methamphetamine

Chen, Yang; Zhang, Libo; Ding, Zhixia; Wu, Xianwen; Wang, Guibin; Shi, Jie

doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.975820

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The social effects consist of improved social skills and feelings of empathy, but chronic abuse can lead to negative consequences in terms of close relationships with family, partners, and friends [ 1 , 24 ]. It was confirmed by a group of authors from China that metaphedrone has addictive potential in terms of its capability to cause significant psychological dependence after chronic exposure of drug users to 3-MMC [ 33 ]. The longer the abuse of this drug lasts, the higher the risk of dependence becomes [ 21 ].…”

Section: Key Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metaphedrone (3-Methylmethcathinone): Pharmacological, Clinical, and Toxicological Profile

Kelečević,

Vejnović,

Javorac

et al. 2024

Medicina

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Introduction: Synthetic cathinones are a group of novel psychoactive substances used as an alternative to classical recreational drugs. As a result of legal prohibitions on older generations of these compounds, new formulations appeared on the drug market. One of them is metaphedrone (3-methylmethcathinone, 3-MMC), a structural isomer of 4-methylmethcathinone and a psychostimulant drug. Metaphedrone became popular in a large number of countries in a short period of time. The aim: The collection, analysis, and review of relevant research on the subject of metaphedrone in order to present information about the pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological profile of this compound. An assessment of the significance and role of metaphedrone in consumption patterns of novel psychoactive substances among recreational drug users. Methodology: By using search engines like Google Scholar and PubMed, the relevant literature on metaphedrone was looked for and analyzed. The search was not limited to a specific period of time. All information regarding the compound of interest was analyzed and presented. Key results and discussion: All novel psychoactive substances are abused due to their pronounced stimulatory, hallucinogenic, dissociative, and euphoric and/or relaxing characteristics. Users of 3-methylmethcathinone usually opt for this substance for recreational purposes and/or sexual stimulation. Metaphedrone has the potential to cause a psychological dependence to the users. It was determined in relevant studies that most users are from 17 to 50 years of age. Older users usually administer metaphedrone intravenously, while younger ones usually choose snorting and oral ingestion of the drug. In Serbia, metaphedrone is a legally controlled substance. The pharmacodynamic properties make metaphedrone similar to classical recreational drugs. The method of administration, mainly repeated administration in a single session, could be explained using the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. The most reported symptoms of intoxication were those of a sympathomimetic nature, such as tachycardia, chest pain, hypertension, diaphoresis, and agitation. Most intoxications and fatal outcomes occurred to users who combined several psychoactive substances. The correlation between measured blood concentrations of the drug and outcomes of intoxication was not found. The mechanisms of metaphedrone’s toxicity are not fully understood. Conclusions: There is an increasing trend of abuse of metaphedrone among recreational drugs users. Future studies should focus on pharmacological and toxicological effects of metaphedrone on animals and humans.

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Section: Key Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metaphedrone (3-Methylmethcathinone): Pharmacological, Clinical, and Toxicological Profile

Kelečević,

Vejnović,

Javorac

et al. 2024

Medicina

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“…Likewise, determining if an individual subject has met extinction criteria is important as a reinstatement test should not occur until CPP/CPA has been extinguished. Some published studies do not report if they determined if an individual subject developed CPP or met extinction criteria before being tested for reinstatement ( Chen Y. et al, 2022 ; Giacometti et al, 2022 ; Amirteymori et al, 2023 ). Instead, one common approach for reinstatement studies is to give subjects a fixed number of extinction sessions before testing them for reinstatement.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying conditioned place preference: a review of current analyses and a proposal for a novel approach

Yates

2023

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Conditioned place preference (CPP) is used to measure the conditioned rewarding effects of a stimulus, including food, drugs, and social interaction. Because various analytic approaches can be used to quantify CPP, this can make direct comparisons across studies difficult. Common methods for analyzing CPP involve comparing the time spent in the CS+ compartment (e.g., compartment paired with drug) at posttest to the time spent in the CS+ compartment at pretest or to the CS– compartment (e.g., compartment paired with saline) at posttest. Researchers can analyze the time spent in the compartment(s), or they can calculate a difference score [(CS+post – CS+pre) or (CS+post – CS–post)] or a preference ratio (e.g., CS+post/(CS+post + CS–post)). While each analysis yields results that are, overall, highly correlated, there are situations in which different analyses can lead to discrepant interpretations. The current paper discusses some of the limitations associated with current analytic approaches and proposes a novel method for quantifying CPP, the adjusted CPP score, which can help resolve the limitations associated with current approaches. The adjusted CPP score is applied to both hypothetical and previously published data. Another major topic covered in this paper is methodologies for determining if individual subjects have met criteria for CPP. The paper concludes by highlighting ways in which researchers can increase transparency and replicability in CPP studies.

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“…Locomotor activity test was conducted on the basis of previous studies ( 53 , 54 ). In this test, the rat was placed in the locomotor chamber (40 cm × 40 cm × 65 cm) and locomotor activity was recorded for 2 hours.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immunostaining was performed as described in our previous study ( 54 ). The brains were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and transferred into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) containing 10, 20, and 30% sucrose until they sank.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An orbitofrontal cortex–anterior insular cortex circuit gates compulsive cocaine use

et al. 2022

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Compulsive drug use, a cardinal symptom of drug addiction, is characterized by persistent substance use despite adverse consequences. However, little is known about the neural circuit mechanisms behind this behavior. Using a footshock-punished cocaine self-administration procedure, we found individual variability of rats in the process of drug addiction, and rats with compulsive cocaine use presented increased neural activity of the anterior insular cortex (aIC) compared with noncompulsive rats. Chemogenetic manipulating activity of aIC neurons, especially aIC glutamatergic neurons, bidirectionally regulated compulsive cocaine intake. Furthermore, the aIC received inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and the OFC-aIC circuit was enhanced in rats with compulsive cocaine use. Suppression of the OFC-aIC circuit switched rats from punishment resistance to sensitivity, while potentiation of this circuit increased compulsive cocaine use. In conclusion, our results found that aIC glutamatergic neurons and the OFC-aIC circuit gated the shift from controlled to compulsive cocaine use, which could serve as potential therapeutic targets for drug addiction.

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Effects of 3-methylmethcathinone on conditioned place preference and anxiety-like behavior: Comparison with methamphetamine

Cited by 6 publications

References 41 publications

Metaphedrone (3-Methylmethcathinone): Pharmacological, Clinical, and Toxicological Profile

Metaphedrone (3-Methylmethcathinone): Pharmacological, Clinical, and Toxicological Profile

Quantifying conditioned place preference: a review of current analyses and a proposal for a novel approach

An orbitofrontal cortex–anterior insular cortex circuit gates compulsive cocaine use

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