Effects of 30 days of ketogenic diet on body composition, muscle strength, muscle area, metabolism, and performance in semi-professional soccer players

Paoli, Antonio; Mancin, Laura; Caprio, Massimiliano; Monti, Elena; Narici, Marco V.; Cenci, Lorenzo; Piccini, Fabio; Pincella, Matteo; Grigoletto, Davide; Marcolin, Giuseppe

doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00459-9

Cited by 37 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…A more detailed description of the experimental study and physiological measures can be found ( 13 ). Sixteen semi-professional soccer players (25.5 ± 2.8 years, 77.2 ± 11.88 kg) were recruited for the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exclusion criteria were: participants with a body fat percentage over 32%, (determined via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA), cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, thyroid or any other metabolic diseases, weight change ± 2 Kg over the last month, adherence to special diets, use of nutritional supplements (except a daily multivitamin-mineral), use of antibiotics ( 17 ), use of medication to control blood lipids or glucose. The anthropometric details of the subjects enrolled in the study were provided in our previous published study ( 13 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study was a randomized, parallel arm, controlled, prospective study in which gut microbiota was tested before and after 30 days of KEMEPHY protocol. Subjects undergone to several anthropometric and performance measurements described in our previous paper ( 13 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The metabolic shift induced by ketogenic diet and some of the complex metabolic pathways involved in “ketotic state” has suggested a possible use of ketogenic diet in sports ( 10 ). For example, the use of KD may represent a safe strategy for the athletes who need to reduce body weight and body fat while maintaining lean mass and performance ( 13 ). One of the concerns raised about the use of KD for sport purposes is related to its putative negative impact on gut microbiome ( 14 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the best of our knowledge, only one study investigated the effect of KD on the gut microbiota in athletes (a cohort of elite race walkers) ( 16 ), while no studies are available in a model of mixed endurance/power sport such as soccer. In our recent article ( 13 ) we investigated the effect of 30 days of ketogenic diet on body composition, muscle strength, muscle area and metabolism in a cohort of semi-professional soccer players. The athletes who underwent the KD intervention lost body fat mass without detrimental effect on strength, muscle mass and power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of 30 days of ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on athletes' gut microbiome composition

Mancin

Amatori²,

Caprio³

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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BackgroundRecent research suggest that gut microbiome may play a fundamental role in athlete's health and performance. Interestingly, nutrition can affect athletic performance by influencing the gut microbiome composition. Among different dietary patterns, ketogenic diet represents an efficient nutritional approach to get adequate body composition in athletes, however, some concerns have been raised about its potential detrimental effect on gut microbiome. To the best of our knowledge, only one study investigated the effect of ketogenic diet on the gut microbiome in athletes (elite race walkers), whilst no studies are available in a model of mixed endurance/power sport such as soccer. This study aimed to investigate the influence of a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts (KEMEPHY) diet on gut microbiome composition in a cohort of semi-professional soccer players.Methods16 male soccer players were randomly assigned to KEMEPHY diet (KDP n = 8) or western diet (WD n = 8). Body composition, performance measurements and gut microbiome composition were measured before and after 30 days of intervention by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Alpha-diversity measures and PERMANOVA was used to investigate pre-post differences in the relative abundance of all taxonomic levels (from phylum to genus) and Spearman's correlations was used to investigate associations between microbial composition and macronutrient intake. Linear discriminant analysis was also performed at the different taxonomic levels on the post-intervention data.ResultsNo differences were found between pre and post- dietary intervention for microbial community diversity: no significant effects of time (p = 0.056, ES = 0.486 and p = 0.129, ES = 0.388, respectively for OTUs number and Shannon's ENS), group (p = 0.317, ES = 0.180 and p = 0.809, ES = 0.047) or time × group (p = 0.999, ES = 0.01 and p = 0.230, ES = 0.315). Post-hoc paired Wilcoxon test showed a significant time × group effect for Actinobacteriota (p = 0.021, ES = 0.578), which increased in the WD group (median pre: 1.7%; median post: 2.3%) and decreased in the KEMEPHY group (median pre: 4.3%; median post: 1.7%). At genus level, the linear discriminant analysis in the post intervention differentiated the two groups for Bifidobacterium genus (pertaining to the Actinobacteria phylum), Butyricicoccus and Acidaminococcus genera, all more abundant in the WD group, and for Clostridia UCG-014 (order, family, and genus), Butyricimonas, Odoribacterter genera (pertaining to the Marinifilaceae family), and Ruminococcus genus, all more abundant in the KEMEPHY group.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that 30 days of KEMEPHY intervention, in contrast with previous research on ketogenic diet and gut microbiome, do not modify the overall composition of gut microbiome in a cohort of athletes. KEMEPHY dietary pattern may represent an alternative and safety tool for maintaining and/or regulating the composition of gut microbiome in athletes practicing regular exercise. Due to the fact that not all ketogenic diets are equal, we hypothesized that each version of ketogenic diet, with different kind of nutrients or macronutrients partitioning, may differently affect the human gut microbiome.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of 30 days of ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on athletes' gut microbiome composition

Mancin

Amatori²,

Caprio³

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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Was there a need for high carbohydrate content in Neanderthal diets?

Klement

2022

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objectives In a recent paper, Hardy et al. (2022, Journal of Human Evolution 162: 103105) claim that the physiological Neanderthal requirement for plant carbohydrates may have reached 50%–60% of caloric intake, inferred from modern dietary guidelines and a putative need for high carbohydrate intake in pregnant/breastfeeding women and athletes. The aim of this article is to critically re‐examine these arguments under the premise that hominins could adapt to hypercarnivorous diets and low carbohydrate consumption. Materials and Methods Literature on ketogenic and carnivore diets was retrieved. A case report of a male rugby player voluntarily undertaking a carnivore diet under medical supervision is presented. Results Human metabolism is highly flexible towards adapting to long‐term low carbohydrate intakes by producing and utilizing ketone bodies. The evidence base of dietary guidelines is weak, and carbohydrate intake recommendations for athletes and during pregnancy/lactation are uncertain, making a translation to Neanderthal diets questionable. The studied rugby player maintained his sports performance and health over a 4‐months period despite minimal carbohydrate intake. Discussion Human physiology appears to have an extraordinary ability to utilize ketone bodies as a fuel for the brain and skeletal muscle, in particular also during exercise. The translation of dietary guidelines to Neanderthals and interpretation of studies in subjects not adapted to ketosis may be biased by a “glucocentric” perspective supposing that high carbohydrate intake is necessary for maintaining health. Allowing for the possibility of keto‐adaption leads to a more coherent integration of archeological and physiological data.

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Association of ultra-processed food consumption with muscle mass among young and middle-aged US adults

Sun,

Liu,

Steele

et al. 2024

Eur J Nutr

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Effects of 30 days of ketogenic diet on body composition, muscle strength, muscle area, metabolism, and performance in semi-professional soccer players

Cited by 37 publications

References 72 publications

Effect of 30 days of ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on athletes' gut microbiome composition

Effect of 30 days of ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on athletes' gut microbiome composition

Was there a need for high carbohydrate content in Neanderthal diets?

Association of ultra-processed food consumption with muscle mass among young and middle-aged US adults

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