Effects of 45S5 bioactive glass on the remineralization of early carious lesions in deciduous teeth: an in vitro study

Abstract

Background Early childhood caries has been designated as a serious public health problem. The traditional restoration method is very challenging, especially in uncooperative patients. Non-invasive therapy, like remineralization agents, which have been developed to reverse the demineralization progress at the early stage of caries, may be a better choice. This study aimed to evaluate the remineralization efficacy of different concentrations of 45S5 bioactive glass (BAG) on artifical carious lesions of deciduous enamel. Methods 65 caries-like enamel lesions of the deciduous teeth were assigned to 5 groups (n = 13) and transported to a 14 days pH-cycling: Group A: 2%BAG, Group B: 4%BAG, Group C: 6%BAG, Group D: 8%BAG, and Group E: deionized water (DDW, negative control). 8 sound (Group F) and 8 demineralized teeth (Group G) were prepared for contrast. The recovery power of mechanical property was evaluated by Vickers hardness test through the recovery of enamel microhardness (%REMH). Surface morphology, mass fraction of Ca and P ions, and Ca/P atomic ratio were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipped with attenuated total reflectance was used to identify the chemical structure of newly formed compounds. Results % REMH were (42.65 ± 1.35), (52.59 ± 2.96), (57.40 ± 1.72), (52.91 ± 2.55), (12.46 ± 2.81) in 2%BAG, 4%BAG, 6%BAG, 8%BAG, and DDW groups respectively. Micro-spherical particles were deposited in all BAG groups and 6% BAG showed the densest and most uniform surface. EDX analysis identified significantly higher Ca(wt%) and P(wt%) in four BAG groups than in the demineralized group (p < 0.005), while 6% BAG showed the highest mineral gain efficacy. The infrared spectrum demonstrated that newly mineralized crystals were consisted of type-B hydroxycarbonate apatite. Conclusion BAG possessed a promising remineralization effect on artificial lesions in deciduous enamel by recovering enamel surface mechanical property, morphology and chemical elements. Among them, 6% BAG performed the greatest overall efficacy. Acting as a new caries-arresting biomaterial, 45S5 BAG has the potential to facilitate the adaptation of better carious prevention strategies in children.

Investigating Bioactive-Glass-Infused Gels for Enamel Remineralization: An In Vitro Study

“…However, this requires glasses with an appropriate particle size. The in vitro study on deciduous teeth by Zhang et al (2021), where 45S5 bioactive glass showed pronounced mineral gain and surface density in remineralizing early carious lesions, exemplifies this requirement [38].…”

“…In aqueous solutions, cations and anions from electrolytes, like those in hydrolyzed bioactive glasses, can bind to oxygen and hydrogen atoms in solvent molecules and to the free -OH groups of the glucose unit of the polysaccharide, forming ionic complexes. Zhang et al (2021) provided a quantitative analysis in their study, showing that the inclusion of 45S5 bioactive glass at concentrations up to 6% could lead to substantial changes in gel viscosity, which in turn influences the gel's ability to facilitate dental remineralization through enhanced ion release and surface interaction [38].…”

“…The results of the gel's adhesion to the glass plate suggest that it may depend on two factors: the viscosity of the gel (with higher viscosity resulting in greater adhesion) and the type of glass within the gel. Zhang et al (2021) suggest that the specific composition and concentration of bioactive glass within gels could significantly influence their adhesive properties and effectiveness [38].…”

“…Tailoring gel formulations to address particular dental conditions could result in more precise and potent treatments, potentially integrating these gels with other dental therapies for comprehensive care. Exploring new methods for applying these gels, like dental trays or inclusion in dental hygiene products, might make treatments more practical and effective [38].…”

Efficacy of BioMin F and NovaMin toothpastes against streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study

“…The agar diffusion test can be used when the quality of the antibacterial agents cannot be evaluated with chemical methods, as it depends on the direct proportional relationship between the inhibition zone of the tested microorganisms and the concentration (dose) of the studied agent placed on the agar microbial medium [ 27 , 28 ]. However, it is appropriate only for diffusive materials to determine their antibacterial activity, and the main limitation of this test is the inability to locate whether the material is bactericidal or bacteriostatic, and may affect its reliability in determining some dental toothpaste antibacterial characteristics [ 29 ].…”