Effects of a Crossarm Brace Application on a 275 kV Fiberglass-Reinforced Polymer Crossarm Subjected to a Lightning Impulse

Rahman, M. S. Abd; Kadir, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab; Ab-Rahman, M. S.; Osman, Miszaina; Nor, Shamsul Fahmi Mohd; Zainuddin, Noorlina Mohd

doi:10.3390/en13236248

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The typical height of the towers ranges from 15 to 55 m, which highly depends on the minimum ground clearance, length of the suspension insulator, ground-wire location, vertical space between the conductors, and maximum sag of the conductor [ 7 , 34 ]. In Malaysia, there are three types of voltages for the transmission lines of transmission towers, 132 kV, 275 kV, and 500 kV [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Cross Arm Components In Latticed Transmission Towersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creep Properties and Analysis of Cross Arms’ Materials and Structures in Latticed Transmission Towers: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

et al. 2023

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Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been selected as an alternative to conventional wooden timber cross arms. The advantages of FRP composites include a high strength-to-weight ratio, lightweight, ease of production, as well as optimal mechanical performance. Since a non-conductive cross arm structure is exposed to constant loading for a very long time, creep is one of the main factors that cause structural failure. In this state, the structure experiences creep deformation, which can result in serviceability problems, stress redistribution, pre-stress loss, and the failure of structural elements. These issues can be resolved by assessing the creep trends and properties of the structure, which can forecast its serviceability and long-term mechanical performance. Hence, the principles, approaches, and characteristics of creep are used to comprehend and analyse the behaviour of wood and composite cantilever structures under long-term loads. The development of appropriate creep methods and approaches to non-conductive cross arm construction is given particular attention in this literature review, including suitable mitigation strategies such as sleeve installation, the addition of bracing systems, and the inclusion of cross arm beams in the core structure. Thus, this article delivers a state-of-the-art review of creep properties, as well as an analysis of non-conductive cross arm structures using experimental approaches. Additionally, this review highlights future developments and progress in cross arm studies.

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Section: Cross Arm Components In Latticed Transmission Towersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creep Properties and Analysis of Cross Arms’ Materials and Structures in Latticed Transmission Towers: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

et al. 2023

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“…Transmission towers, usually referred to as electrical pylons, are used to carry these power cables. The electrical pylon is often a structure that lifts high-voltage cables and acts as a support beam for racks, transformers, and other high-voltage equipment [ 45 , 46 ]. The typical height of this tower is between 15 and 55 m [ 47 , 48 ].…”

Section: Lattice Transmission Towermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier, the cross arms in transmission towers are made from wood due to the decline of wood as a timber source and the problems with wood in long-term applications [ 7 , 58 ]. Strong mechanical strength, electrical and thermal insulation, and good dielectric strength of the composites are recognised to set them apart [ 46 , 59 ]. A major factor in reducing the lifespan of the cross arms is creep, in addition to exposure to harsh environmental conditions and biological threats [ 60 , 61 , 62 ].…”

Section: Lattice Transmission Towermentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances of GFRP Composite Cross Arms in Energy Transmission Tower: A Short Review on Design Improvements and Mechanical Properties

et al. 2023

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Currently, pultruded glass fibre-reinforced polymer (pGFRP) composites have been extensively applied as cross-arm structures in latticed transmission towers. These materials were chosen for their high strength-to-weight ratio and lightweight characteristics. Nevertheless, several researchers have discovered that several existing composite cross arms can decline in performance, which leads to composite failure due to creep, torsional movement, buckling, moisture, significant temperature change, and other environmental factors. This leads to the composite structure experiencing a reduced service life. To resolve this problem, several researchers have proposed to implement composite cross arms with sleeve installation, an addition of bracing systems, and the inclusion of pGFRP composite beams with the core structure in order to have a sustainable composite structure. The aforementioned improvements in these composite structures provide superior performance under mechanical duress by having better stiffness, superiority in flexural behaviour, enhanced energy absorption, and improved load-carrying capacity. Even though there is a deficiency in the previous literature on this matter, several established works on the enhancement of composite cross-arm structures and beams have been applied. Thus, this review articles delivers on a state-of-the-art review on the design improvement and mechanical properties of composite cross-arm structures in experimental and computational simulation approaches.

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“…Cross arms in suspension latticed transmission towers have used the pGFRP composite due to the replacement of the old wooden timber member [ 28 , 29 ]. The pGFRP composites are known to be distinguished in terms of high mechanical strength, electrical and thermal insulations, and well performance in terms of dielectric strength [ 30 , 31 ]. This mitigation step was conducted by an electrical provider corporation due to the drastic decrease of the wood timber sources and failure issues of wood in long-term applications [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Stacking Sequence on Long-Term Creep Performance of Pultruded GFRP Composites

et al. 2022

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Pultruded glass-fibre reinforced polymer (pGFRP) composites are classified as lightweight material, which exhibit high strength-to-weight ratio for structural usage. This composite material has been applied as cross-arm members in transmission towers due to its ability in thermal and electrical insulation. However, the influence of the stacking sequence of pGFRP composite on its mechanical performance has not been fully covered in the literature to explain the long-term durability of the current cross-arm designs. The study expected to evaluate five fiber layers with various stacking sequences in terms of quasi-static and creep tests in a four-point bending mode. The creep test was performed for 1440 h (60 days). These composites were fabricated using the pultrusion process in the form of a square hollow structure. Later, it was cut into composite coupons with various sizes depending on the test conducted. The results showed that nine layers with 0°/45°/0°/−45°/0°/−45°/0°/45°/0° had the ultimate flexural strength. This stacking sequence configurations seemed to be optimally manufactured in continuous roving fibre by alternating between 0° and ±45° fiber orientations. Additionally, the S-9 pGFRP composite sample showed that it had a low-creep deflection with high elastic and apparent creep moduli in 1440 h. In terms of strength reduction factor, this configuration was recorded as the highest. The findings showed that the nine layers of pGFRP composites with alternation of 0° and ±45° fiber orientations were highly suitable for structural application at transmission towers for a long-term operation.

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Effects of a Crossarm Brace Application on a 275 kV Fiberglass-Reinforced Polymer Crossarm Subjected to a Lightning Impulse

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Creep Properties and Analysis of Cross Arms’ Materials and Structures in Latticed Transmission Towers: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

Creep Properties and Analysis of Cross Arms’ Materials and Structures in Latticed Transmission Towers: Current Progress and Future Perspectives

Recent Advances of GFRP Composite Cross Arms in Energy Transmission Tower: A Short Review on Design Improvements and Mechanical Properties

Effect of Stacking Sequence on Long-Term Creep Performance of Pultruded GFRP Composites

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