Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum

Johnstone, Alexandra; Horgan, Graham; Murison, Sandra D; Bremner, David; Lobley, G. E.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.44

Cited by 369 publications

(304 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…These results were similar to other reporting data from four weeks of intervention 23 . However, it is typically observed that a CRD promotes higher reductions in triacylglycerol and increases in HDL-c levels compared to conventional diets 22,25 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Johnstone et al 23 reported that four weeks of non-ketogenic CRD (approximately 35% of total energy from carbohydrate) led to a significantly lower body mass loss (-4.4 kg versus -6.3 kg) than Analyses of individual cases showed that 2/7 subjects in the CRD group and 3/7 in the conventional diet group had low baseline FMD values. At the end of intervention, one subject in each group had improved FMD values.…”

Section: Tc/hdl-c Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combined effects of resistance training and carbohydrate-restrictive or conventional diets on weight loss, blood variables and endothelium function

Meirelles

Gomes

2016

Rev. Nutr.

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Objective: To compare the effects of either a carbohydrate-restrictive diets or a conventional hypoenergetic diet combined with resistance training. Methods: Twenty-one overweight and obese adults participated in an eight-week program consisting of progressive resistance training combined with carbohydrate-restrictive diets (initially set at <30 g carbohydrate; n=12) or conventional hypoenergetic diet (30% energetic restriction; carbohydrate/protein/lipid: 51/18/31% of total energy consumption; n=9). It was hypothesized that the carbohydrate-restrictive diets would induce greater weight loss but that both diets would elicit similar effects on selected health markers. Body mass, and body composition, blood variables and flow-mediated brachial artery dilation (flow-mediated brachial artery dilation; by ultrasound) were used to assess changes due to the interventions. Results: Significant within-group reductions in body mass (-5.4±3.5%; p=0.001 versus -3.7±3.0%; p=0.015) and body fat (body fat; -10.2±7.0%; p=0.005 versus -9.6±8.8%; p=0.017) were identified for carbohydrate-restrictive diets and conventional hypoenergetic diet, respectively, but there were no significant differences between groups as the result of the interventions. Fat free mass, blood variables and flow-mediated brachial artery dilation did not significantly change, except for the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio, which was reduced 10.4±16.9% in carbohydrate-restrictive diets (p=0.037) and 0.5±11.3% in conventional hypoenergetic diet (p=0.398). Conclusion: Carbohydrate-restrictive diets associated with resistance training was as effective as conventional hypoenergetic diet in decreasing body mass and body fat, as well as maintaining fat free mass, blood variables and flow-mediated brachial artery dilation, however it was more effective at lowering the total cholesterol/low density lipoprotein ratio.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Tc/hdl-c Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of resistance training and carbohydrate-restrictive or conventional diets on weight loss, blood variables and endothelium function

Meirelles

Gomes

2016

Rev. Nutr.

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“…There has been a considerable utilisation of lowcarbohydrate diets, in which the protein component is conspicuous (8,9) , but most of the discussion of their effects has been centred on their ketogenic (i.e. lipid, absence of carbohydrate) nature (10) , the amino acids essentially being considered potential gluconeogenic substrates (11) , with little impact on protein synthesis (12) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…lipid, absence of carbohydrate) nature (10) , the amino acids essentially being considered potential gluconeogenic substrates (11) , with little impact on protein synthesis (12) . More recently, the use of hyperproteic diets (13) is again on the rise, but we still lack the necessary basic knowledge to interpret the results obtained, largely because of few systematic analyses and the continued stress on their ketogenic nature (8,9) . However, under conditions of abundant food supply, the main question is not how amino acids fare under conditions of low energy availability, but the contrary: how the metabolic machinery can override the strong protective mechanisms preventing N wasting under conditions of excess energy (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The problem of nitrogen disposal in the obese

Alemany

2012

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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Amino-N is preserved because of the scarcity and nutritional importance of protein. Excretion requires its conversion to ammonia, later incorporated into urea. Under conditions of excess dietary energy, the body cannot easily dispose of the excess amino-N against the evolutively adapted schemes that prevent its wastage; thus ammonia and glutamine formation (and urea excretion) are decreased. High lipid (and energy) availability limits the utilisation of glucose, and high glucose spares the production of ammonium from amino acids, limiting the synthesis of glutamine and its utilisation by the intestine and kidney. The amino acid composition of the diet affects the production of ammonium depending on its composition and the individual amino acid catabolic pathways. Surplus amino acids enhance protein synthesis and growth, and the synthesis of non-protein-N-containing compounds. But these outlets are not enough; consequently, less-conventional mechanisms are activated, such as increased synthesis of NO z followed by higher nitrite (and nitrate) excretion and changes in the microbiota. There is also a significant production of N 2 gas, through unknown mechanisms. Health consequences of amino-N surplus are difficult to fathom because of the sparse data available, but it can be speculated that the effects may be negative, largely because the fundamental N homeostasis is stretched out of normalcy, forcing the N removal through pathways unprepared for that task. The unreliable results of hyperproteic diets, and part of the dysregulation found in the metabolic syndrome may be an unwanted consequence of this N disposal conflict.

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“…Diet design or food reformulation that makes use of, for example, differentially satiating macronutrients or specific components that target aspects of the satiety cascade (12)(13)(14)(15) have been shown in experimental settings to support both weight loss (20)(21) and weight maintenance after weight loss (22) . Crucially, these outcomes can be achieved under ad libitum feeding conditions.…”

Section: Obesity Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches to influencing food choice across the age groups: from children to the elderly

2015

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Nutrition across the lifespan encompasses both preventative and treatment options to maintain health and vitality. This review will focus on the challenge of overconsumption of energy relative to energy expenditure and the consequent development of overweight and obesity, since they are responsible for much of the burden of chronic disease in the developed world. Understanding the mechanisms of hunger and satiety and how particular foodstuffs and nutrients affect appetite and motivation to eat is important for evidence-based interventions to achieve weight control and design of community-wide dietary strategies that reach across the lifespan. Food reformulation for appetite control and weight management requires a knowledge of the mechanisms of hunger and satiety, how food interacts with peripheral and central regulatory systems, and how these interactions change across the lifecourse, allied to the technical capability to generate, evaluate and develop new ingredients and foods with enhanced biological potency based on these mechanisms. Two European Union-funded research projects, Full4Health and SATIN, are adopting these complementary approaches. These research projects straddle the sometimes conflicted ground between justifiable public health concerns on the one hand and the food and drink industry on the other. These multi-disciplinary projects pull together expertise in nutrition, neuroimaging, psychology and food technology that combines with food industry partners to maximise expected impact of the research. Better knowledge of mechanisms regulating hunger/satiety will lead to evidence base for preventive strategies for the European population, to reduction of chronic disease burden and to increased competitiveness of European food industry through the development of new food products.Food choice: Satiety: Obesity: Reformulation: Appetite: Full4Health: SATIN Obesity and overweight are more than ever one of the most compelling nutrition issues worldwide. The world is facing an epidemic of non-communicable disease (NCD), which kills more than 36 million people per year (63 % of all-cause mortality). The WHO Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCD 2013-2020 identifies four main types of NCD: CVD (heart attacks and stroke); cancers; chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma); diabetes. Modifiable behavioural risk factors include unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of tobacco and alcohol. For three out of four of these major health issues, obesity is also a major risk factor, further emphasising the role of diet, both composition and quantity, in global ill-health. Overconsumption of energy is the root cause of the increasing prevalence of global obesity, with dietary habits perpetuating health inequalities. Food choices, especially in an environment of ready availability and plentiful supply of cheap ready to eat foods, should be a primary focus of preventative measures. A successful strategy to guide dietary choice towards healthier...

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Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum

Abstract: In the short term, high-protein, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets reduce hunger and lower food intake significantly more than do high-protein, medium-carbohydrate nonketogenic diets.

Cited by 369 publications

References 58 publications

Combined effects of resistance training and carbohydrate-restrictive or conventional diets on weight loss, blood variables and endothelium function

Combined effects of resistance training and carbohydrate-restrictive or conventional diets on weight loss, blood variables and endothelium function

The problem of nitrogen disposal in the obese

Approaches to influencing food choice across the age groups: from children to the elderly

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