Effects of a HIIT Protocol on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population

Alarcón-Gómez, Jesús; Calatayud, Joaquín; Chulvi‐Medrano, Iván; Martín-Rivera, Fernando

doi:10.3390/ijerph18031262

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In response to HIIT during the study, the mean FAZ area in the deep retinal plexus and macular flow density of the superficial layer significantly decreased while flow density in the peripapillary area showed an increase [ 49 ]. In contrast to this, in type 1 diabetic patients following a 4-week HIIT exercise none of the analyzed microvascular parameters changed in response to the intervention [ 50 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The assessment of acute chorioretinal changes due to intensive physical exercise in young adults

et al. 2022

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Purpose There is abundant evidence on the benefits of physical activity on cardiovascular health. However, there are only few data on the acute effects of physical exercise on the retina and choroid. Our aim was the in vivo examination of chorioretinal alterations following short intense physical activity by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods Twenty-one eyes of 21 healthy, young subjects (mean age 22.5 ± 4.1 years, 15 males and 6 females) were recruited. Macular scanning with a SD-OCT was performed before and following a vita maxima-type physical strain exercise on a rowing ergometer until complete fatigue. Follow-up OCT scans were performed 1, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes following the exercise. The OCT images were exported and analyzed using our custom-built OCTRIMA 3D software and the thickness of 7 retinal layers was calculated, along with semi-automated measurement of the choroidal thickness. One-way ANOVA analysis was performed followed by Dunnett post hoc test for the thickness change compared to baseline and the correlation between performance and thickness change has also been calculated. The level of significance was set at 0.001. Results We observed a significant thinning of the total retina 1 minute post-exercise (-7.3 ± 0.6 μm, p < 0.001) which was followed by a significant thickening by 5 and 15 minutes (+3.6 ± 0.6 μm and +4.0 ± 0.6 μm, respectively, both p <0.001). Post-exercise retinal thickness returned to baseline by 30 minutes. This trend was present throughout the most layers of the retina, with significant changes in the ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer complex, (-1.3 ± 0.1 μm, +0.6 ± 0.1 μm and +0.7 ± 0.1 μm, respectively, p <0.001 for all), in the inner nuclear layer at 1 and 5 minutes (-0.8 ± 0.1 μm and +0.8 ± 0.1 μm, respectively, p <0.001 for both), in the outer nuclear layer–photoreceptor inner segment complex at 5 minute (+2.3 ± 0.4 μm, p <0.001 for all) and in the interdigitation zone–retinal pigment epithelium complex at 1 and 15 minutes (-3.3 ± 0.4 μm and +1.8 ± 0.4 μm, respectively, p <0.001 for both). There was no significant change in choroidal thickness; however, we could detect a tendency towards thinning at 1, 15, and 30 minutes following exercise. The observed changes in thickness change did not correlate with performance. Similar trends were observed in both professional and amateur sportsmen (n = 15 and n = 6, respectively). The absolute changes in choroidal thickness did not show any correlation with the thickness changes of the intraretinal layers. Conclusions Our study implies that in young adults, intense physical exercise has an acute effect on the granular layers of the retina, resulting in thinning followed by rebound thickening before normalization. We could not identify any clear correlation with either choroidal changes or performance that might explain our observations, and hence the exact mechanism warrants further clarification. We believe that a combination of vascular and mechanic changes is behind the observed trends.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The assessment of acute chorioretinal changes due to intensive physical exercise in young adults

et al. 2022

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“…Finally, in the growing HIIT literature, most studies examining the effects of HIIT on health and performance involved high-intensity interval exercise performed once a day for various durations [ 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 ]. This has led Andrade-Souza and colleagues to wonder whether the effects of “twice a day” and “once a day” HIIT on mitochondrial biogenesis were identical.…”

Section: Effects Of Hiit On Exercise Capacity and Health Based On Selected Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective

Atakan

Koşar

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Engaging in regular exercise results in a range of physiological adaptations offering benefits for exercise capacity and health, independent of age, gender or the presence of chronic diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that lack of time is a major impediment to exercise, causing physical inactivity worldwide. This issue has resulted in momentum for interval training models known to elicit higher enjoyment and induce adaptations similar to or greater than moderate-intensity continuous training, despite a lower total exercise volume. Although there is no universal definition, high-intensity interval exercise is characterized by repeated short bursts of intense activity, performed with a “near maximal” or “all-out” effort corresponding to ≥90% of maximal oxygen uptake or >75% of maximal power, with periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. Research has indicated that high-intensity interval training induces numerous physiological adaptations that improve exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic endurance, anaerobic capacity etc.) and metabolic health in both clinical and healthy (athletes, active and inactive individuals without any apparent disease or disorder) populations. In this paper, a brief history of high-intensity interval training is presented, based on the novel findings of some selected studies on exercise capacity and health, starting from the early 1920s to date. Further, an overview of the mechanisms underlying the physiological adaptations in response to high-intensity interval training is provided.

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“…After that, usually, the athlete performs technical training in fighting, with an extra period of muscle training at the end of the session as a cool down. As a competitive athlete, the participant trained and trained daily, alternating between purely aerobic training, mixed training with HIIT circuits (which also shows a good response in the management of type I diabetes) (Alarcón‐Gómez et al, 2021 ), strength training, technique training, and competition simulations, sometimes involving physical contact. A scheme of the participant's current training program is shown in Table 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type 1 diabetes management in a competitive athlete: A five‐year case report

Cannataro

Cione

Cerullo

et al. 2023

Physiological Reports

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Type I diabetes has an incidence of 15 per 100,000 people. Though it is a metabolic disorder, it can be seen in top, even professional athletes. Physical activity is recommended to manage diabetes, but there is a lack of specific knowledge on diabetes management and exercise from dedicated medical staff. This bias leads to suboptimal diabetes management, causing frequent hyper and hypoglycemia, a dysregulation of glycated hemoglobin, blood glucose out of control, and consequent needs to often intervene with extra insulin or carbohydrates. For 5 years, we followed a highly competitive male Caucasian athlete Vovinam Viet Vo Dao, with type I diabetes, aged 17. We monitored his glycated hemoglobin, the insulin drug administered, and glycemia blood level averages. We obtained, over time, a decrease in glycated hemoglobin by almost −22% and insulin administered by −37.33%, and average blood glycemia levels diminished by almost −27%. In addition, we carried out bioimpedance analysis and stratigraphy on the abdomen. Federation trainers supervised all physical training; we recorded an improvement in the general condition, underlined in particular by an increase in phase angle (from bioimpedance) of +17%.

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Effects of a HIIT Protocol on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population

Cited by 12 publications

References 52 publications

The assessment of acute chorioretinal changes due to intensive physical exercise in young adults

The assessment of acute chorioretinal changes due to intensive physical exercise in young adults

Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective

Type 1 diabetes management in a competitive athlete: A five‐year case report

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