Effects of a Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate on Growing Turkey Poults During Aflatoxicosis

Kubena, L. F.; Huff, W. E.; Harvey, Roger B.; Yersin, A. G.; Elissalde, Marcel H.; Witzel, D A; Giroir, L. E.; Phillips, Timothy D.; Petersen, H. D.

doi:10.3382/ps.0701823

Cited by 93 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, most additives have been investigated for their potential to reduce AFB1 uptake by the intestine [21]. Many natural absorbents have been shown to decrease the effects of AFB1 in poultry, including super-activated charcoal [153], zeolites like hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate [115,143,198,[252][253][254][255][256][257], clinoptilolite [134,138], and sodium bentonite [158,258]. Antioxidants like butylated hydroxytolouene (BHT) [137,[259][260][261][262][263] and turmeric [124,264] can also mitigate the severity of aflatoxicosis.…”

Section: Feed Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxicosis: Lessons from Toxicity and Responses to Aflatoxin B1 in Poultry

2015

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This review is a comprehensive introduction to the effects of poultry exposure to the toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The relationship between AFB1 sensitivity and metabolism, major direct and indirect effects of AFB1, recent studies of gene expression and transcriptome responses to exposure, and mitigation strategies to reduce toxicity are discussed. Exposure to AFB1 primarily occurs by consumption of contaminated corn, grain or other feed components. Low levels of residual AFB1 in poultry feeds can cause reduction in growth, feed conversion, egg production, and compromised immune functions, resulting in significant economic costs to producers. Thus, AFB1 acts as a "force multiplier" synergizing the adverse effects of microbial pathogens and other agents, and factors detrimental to poultry health. Domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are one of the most sensitive animals known to AFB1 due, in large part, to a combination of efficient hepatic bioactivation by cytochromes P450 1A5 and 3A37, and deficient hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-mediated detoxification. Because of their sensitivity, turkeys are a good model to investigate chemopreventive treatments and feed additives for their ability to reduce AFB1 toxicity. Transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) of turkey poults (liver and spleen) has identified AFB1-induced gene expression changes in pathways of apoptosis, carcinogenesis, lipid regulation, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and antigen presentation. Current research focuses on further identifying the molecular mechanisms OPEN ACCESSAgriculture 2015, 5 743 underlying AFB1 toxicity with the goal of reducing aflatoxicosis and improving poultry health.

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Section: Feed Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxicosis: Lessons from Toxicity and Responses to Aflatoxin B1 in Poultry

2015

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“…It was reported to sorb aflatoxin B 1 with high affinity and high capacity in aqueous solutions and was shown to rescue broiler and Leghorn chicks from the toxic effects of 7500 ppb aflatoxin in the diet (Phillips et al , 1988(Phillips et al , 2006. In subsequent studies, NS and other similar montmorillonite and smectite clays have been reported to protect against aflatoxin toxicity in a variety of young animals including rodents, chicks, turkey poults, ducklings, lambs, pigs, mink and trout (Phillips 1999;Phillips et al 1990Phillips et al , 1991Phillips et al , 1994Phillips et al , 1995Colvin et al 1989;Bonna et al 1991;Harvey et al 1991aHarvey et al , 1991bVoss et al 1993;Kubena et al 1990aKubena et al , 1990bKubena et al , 1991Kubena et al , 1993Ledoux et al 1999;Smith et al 1994;Marquez and Hernandez 1995;Cerdchai et al 1990;Lindemann et al 1993;Abdel-Wahhab et al 1998;Nahm 1995;Jayaprakash et al 1992;Ellis et al 2000). In studies using radiolabelled aflatoxins, NS clay has also been shown to decrease the bioavailability of aflatoxins and reduce aflatoxin residues in poultry (Davidson et al 1987;Jayaprakash et al 1992), rats Mayura et al 1998) and pigs (Beaver et al 1990).…”

Section: Chemopreventive Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing human exposure to aflatoxin through the use of clay: A review

Phillips

Afriyie-Gyawu

Williams

et al. 2008

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

187

117

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Innovative sorption strategies for the detoxification of aflatoxins have been developed. NovaSil clay (NS) has been shown to prevent aflatoxicosis in a variety of animals when included in their diet. Results have shown that NS clay binds aflatoxins with high affinity and high capacity in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a notable reduction in the bioavailability of these toxins without interfering with the utilization of vitamins and other micronutrients. This strategy is being evaluated as a potential remedy for acute aflatoxicosis, and as a sustainable human intervention for aflatoxins via the diet. Phase I and II clinical trials confirmed the apparent safety of NS for further study in humans. A recent study in Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis has indicated that NS (at a dose level of 0.25%) is effective in decreasing biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure and does not interfere with the levels of serum vitamins A and E, and iron and zinc. In summary, enterosorption strategies/ therapies based on NS clay are promising for the management of aflatoxins and as a sustainable public health intervention. The NS clay remedy is novel, inexpensive and easily disseminated. Based on the present research, aflatoxin sequestering clays should be rigorously evaluated in vitro and in vivo, and should meet the following criteria: (1) favourable thermodynamic characteristics of mycotoxin sorption, (2) tolerable levels of priority metals, dioxins/furans and other hazardous contaminants, (3) safety and efficacy in multiple animal species, (4) safety and efficacy in long-term studies, and (5) negligible interactions with vitamins, iron and zinc and other micronutrients.

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“…(Kubena et al, 1990(Kubena et al, , 1991. Labeling for this product to protect against aflatoxicosis has never been approved by the FDA.…”

Section: Aflatoxin Research In the Agricultural Research Servicementioning

confidence: 96%

Aflatoxin—recognition, Understanding, and Control With Particular Emphasis on the Role of the Agricultural Research Service

Robens

2008

Toxin Reviews

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Aflatoxin, a metabolite of the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, has been considered one of the world's most serious food safety problems since it was first identified in the 1960s following large numbers of turkey deaths in Britain. Imported peanut meal was targeted as the cause, leading to identification of mold hyphae, the causative fungus A. flavus, and isolation and identification of aflatoxins as the causative mycotoxins. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) quickly joined the scientific effort in the 1960s to control aflatoxin and to assure food safety by toxicity testing and developing methodology for identification, quantification, and detoxification of aflatoxin. As National Program Leader for Food Safety at the ARS, I initiated a national aflatoxin research program to provide efficacious, workable preharvest controls to decrease losses and help assure human safety by preventing aflatoxin from occurring in susceptible commodities, peanut, corn, cottonseed, and tree nuts. A series of Aflatoxin Elimination Workshops was established to bring together the ARS scientists, university scientists, and industry representatives in a cooperative effort to control aflatoxin. The first success was methodology to reduce contamination of Arizona cottonseed by applying an atoxigenic strain of A. flavus, AF 36, to outcompete native toxigenic strains. This methodology is being extended to peanuts, corn, and tree nuts. Other lines of investigation include the discovery of natural compounds that prevent aflatoxin biosynthesis; understanding the role of oxidative stress in aflatoxin formation; and the isolation and identification of aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway synthesis and regulatory genes.

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Effects of a Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate on Growing Turkey Poults During Aflatoxicosis

Cited by 93 publications

References 23 publications

Aflatoxicosis: Lessons from Toxicity and Responses to Aflatoxin B1 in Poultry

Aflatoxicosis: Lessons from Toxicity and Responses to Aflatoxin B1 in Poultry

Reducing human exposure to aflatoxin through the use of clay: A review

Aflatoxin—recognition, Understanding, and Control With Particular Emphasis on the Role of the Agricultural Research Service

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